Introduction
to the
Páramo Ecosystem
Checklist
of Páramo
Plants
Lichens
Mosses
Hepatics
Vascular
plants
Gazetteer
of Páramo
Localities
Costa
Rica & Panama
Colombia
Venezuela
Ecuador
Peru
Steven P. Churchill and Dana Griffin III
Mosses are a conspicuous element of two neotropical life zones: montane forests, particularly cloud forests, and páramo. This contribution focuses on the taxonomic diversity of mosses found in the páramo. There are approximately 51 families, 163 genera, and 543 species presently recorded in our list of páramo mosses. The ten largest families and genera of páramo mosses account for 66% and 34%, respectively (see Table III in Introduction: Flora).
Endemism is relatively low in moss taxa. No families are endemic to the páramo. Two genera are endemic, both described relatively recently. Kingiobryum (Dicranaceae), originally described by Robinson (1967) and later in greater detail by Zander and Cleef (1982), is known from several localities in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia and the Cordillera de Mérida of Venezuela. Gradsteinia (Amblystegiaceae), an aquatic moss found on rocks in streams is presently known only from the type locality in the Páramo de Sumapaz (Depto. Meta, Colombia) (Ochyra, 1990). At the species level approximately 9% are endemic; this figure is likely to be reduced after further taxonomic investigations and exploration, particularly in the central Andes.
The concept of páramo adopted in our checklist for the mosses includes both subpáramo and páramo. Elevation generally exceeds 3300 m, but in many areas the páramo and páramo-like vegetation can extend down to 2800 m or less, and at least for Colombia, páramo is frequently encountered around 3000 m. Defining the páramo and páramo plants, in this case mosses, is not problematic when characterized by typical alpine-like open grassy vegetation, often dominated by members of the Poaceae such as Calamagrostis, Chusquea and Festuca, cushion plants of various families and genera, and the often defining element Espeletia and related members of the tribe Espeletiinae for Venezuela south to northern Ecuador. The dilemma, however, relates to the forest elements present in the páramo zone. The first difficulty is related to the boundary between the montane forest and páramo; the subpáramo may be envisioned as the interface between the two zones, with open or shrubby montane forest grading into subpáramo or páramo. The second problem is the incursion of gallery forests into the páramo, and isolated forested escarpments within the páramo that harbor typical montane mosses. It is only logical that the latter, gallery forest and forested escarpment elements be included, however the first, the interface between montane and páramo, is more subjective by the relative nature of zonations.
The páramo, including subpáramo, zone exhibits a surprisingly wide range of habitats for mosses. The preponderance of species occur in exposed habitats on soil, humus, and rock, and many of these species readily extend down slope into the open montane forest. Characteristic families of this group include the Bartramiaceae, Bryaceae, Dicranaceae, Ditrichaceae, Polytrichaceae, Pottiaceae, and Splachnaceae. A few families are generally restricted to the páramo, e.g., Andreaeaceae, Encalyptaceae, and Grimmiaceae (Racomitrium being the exception). Relatively few species are associated with streams and nearly always restricted to rocks, e.g., Andreaea nitida, A. acutifolia, Blindia magellanica, Dendrocryphaea latifolia, Ditrichum bogotense, Fissidens rigidulus, Fontinalis bogotensis, Holodontium strictum, Hygrodicranum bolivianum, Platyhypnidium aquaticum, and Schistidium rivulare. Typical forest elements, the majority found as epiphytes, include, among others, the Daltoniaceae, Macromitriaceae, Meteoriaceae, Neckeraceae, Orthotrichaceae, and Prionodontaceae. A few families, e.g., Brachytheciaceae, Hypnaceae, and Thuidiaceae, are found equally in exposed and forest sites. Azonal habitats, such as marshy or boggy sites, are characterized by such families as the Amblystegiaceae and Sphagnaceae.
Several trends related to páramo mosses have been outline by Griffin (1990a) for Venezuela, and appear to be equally true for the whole of the páramo. The páramo zone is the second or possibly third most species rich zone (for mosses) in the Neotropics. Given the extremely small surface area occupied by the páramo, it may even be the richest if species/area is considered in the assessment of diversity. The total number of species for the five tropical Andean countries is just over 2000 (Churchill et al., 1995). The northern Andean countries (Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador) are estimated to contain 1460 species (Churchill & Griffin, unpubl. data) of which approximately 34% of the species can be found in the páramo. The preponderance of páramo mosses, ca. 75%, are acrocarpic, tuft-forming mosses. Even among epiphytic mosses, a good number are acrocarpic or at least are erect in their growth form. Phytogeographical elements represented in the páramo include first neotropical, followed by Andean, cosmopolitan, Andean-African, neotropical-Asian, and equally between neotropical-Australasian, temperate Southern Hemisphere and northern temperate/boreal.
Studies related to páramo mosses include floristic inventories (Bartram, 1953, 1964; Bowers, 1970; Griffin, 1979; Mägdefrau, 1983; Vareschi, 1970). Relatively few vegetational studies have included mosses, e.g., Balslev and de Vries (1991) and of particular importance, the detailed study by Cleef (1981). No floristic treatment of the páramo mosses presently exists, however Churchill and Linares C. (1995) provide a synoptical flora of Colombia that includes páramo species, and Griffin is in the final stages of completing a full flora of the Venezuelan páramo.
The following checklist has been compiled from the herbaria of FLAS, NY, and US. Our own experiences in Costa Rica (Griffin), Venezuela (Griffin), Colombia (Churchill, Griffin), and Ecuador (Churchill) have also provided a certain amount of observational data for both common and in some cases rare taxa. The decision to include or exclude certain species, when confronted with marginal taxa or for which label information was often inadequate, was based on our combined field knowledge. Literature has been employed only when no collections have been available in the above mentioned herbaria.
One hindrance in preparing this list related to labeled collections. At this present time it seems incredible that professional systematists continue to provide inadequate label information to accompany a collected specimen. We would urge, as previous field-oriented taxonomists have in the past, to provide accurate label information including latitude and longitude, elevation (or range), associated vegetation type, and substrate.
All taxa are listed in alphabetical order by family, genus, and species. Each country (six in all) where a species is recorded as occurring in the páramo or páramo-like vegetation or at times marginal, e.g., interface of high montane and páramo, i.e., subpáramo, is indicated. Elevational data are derived from a checklist in preparation for the tropical Andean countries, and represent the entire elevation range of the species indicated only for Venezuela to Ecuador (in rare cases these have been modified due to additional data either from the highlands of Central America or Peru). For each species we have attempted to verify for each country its occurrence in the páramo zone based on voucher specimens from FLAS, NY, and US. When we have not seen a specimen, the appropriate literature citation is given.
Checklist of Mosses
ADELOTHECIACEAE
Adelothecium Mitt.
A. bogotense (Hampe) Mitt.; CO, VE; 1140-3300 m
AMBLYSTEGIACEAE
Calliergon (Sull.) Kindb.
C. luipichense R.S.Williams; EC; 4050 m
C. sarmentosum (Wahlenb.) Kindb.; VE, CO, EC; 3500-4050
m
C. stramineum (Brid.) Kindb.; VE; 3100-4270 m
C. trifarum (F.Weber & D.Mohr) Kindb.; VE; 3800
m
Calliergonella Loeske
C. cuspidatum (Hedw.) Kindb.; CO, EC; 3000-4180
m
Campyliadelphus (Lindb.) Broth.
C. polyganus (Schimp.) Kanda; EC; 2000-3920 m
Cratoneuron (Sull.) Spruce
C. filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce; CO, VE, EC; 3000-3950
m
Drepanocladus (Müll.Hal.) G. Roth
D. aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst.; EC; 3800 m
D. exannulatus (Schimp.) Warnst.; CO; 3450-3680
m
D. fluitans (Hedw.) Warnst.; CO, VE, EC; 3000-4100
m
D. leitensis (Mitt.) Broth.; EC; 2370-3800 m
D. trichophyllus (Warnst.) Podp.; VE; 3700 m
D. vernicosus (Mitt.) Warnst.; CO, VE; 3500-3800
m
Gradsteinia Ochyra
G. andicola Ochyra; CO; 3650 m
Hygroamblystegium Loeske
H. meridense E.B.Bartram; VE; 4000 m
Sanionia Loeske
S. uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske; CO; 2800-4100 m
Scorpidium (Schimp.) Limpr.
S. cossonii (Schimp.) Hedenäs; CO, EC; 3570-3950
m
S. scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.; CO, VE, EC; 2900-4200
m
S. turgescens (T.Jensen) Loekse; EC; 3800-4100 m
ANDREAEACEAE
Acroschisma (Hook.f. & Wilson) Lindl.
A. wilsonii (Hook.f.) Lindl.; CO, EC; 3040-4100
m
Andreaea Hedw.
A. acutifolia Hook.f. & Wilson; CO; 3700 m
A. brevipes Spruce; CO, VE, EC; 3500-4765 m
A. karsteniana Müll.Hal.; EC; ? m [Note:
Collected from the summit of Volcán
Pichincha.]
A. nitida Hook.f. & Wilson; CO, VE, EC; 3240-4650
m
A. rupestris Hedw.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2900-4500 m
A. seriata G.Roth; EC; 5300 m
A. striata Mitt.; EC; 5195 m
A. urophylla H.Rob.; EC; 4200 m
A. vulcanica Lorentz; EC; 3385-3690 m
AULACOMNIACEAE
Aulacomnium Schwägr.
A. palustre (Hedw.) Schwägr.; VE, EC; 3850-3950
m
BARTRAMIACEAE
Anacolia Schimp.
A. laevisphaera (Taylor) Flowers; CO, VE, EC; 1850-4300
m
Bartramia Hedw.
Ref.: Fransén, 1995.
B. angustifolia Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 2800-4170 m
B. brevifolia Brid.; CO, VE, EC; 2500-4030 m
B. humilis Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1846-4000 m
B. longifolia Hook.; CO, VE, EC; 2550-4070 m
B. mathewsii Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 3700-4360 m; includes var. mathewsii
and var. synoica
Fransén
B. polytrichoides Müll.Hal.; CO, EC; 2620-4000
m
B. potosica Mont.; CO, VE, EC; 2800-4765 m
B. strumosa (Hampe) Mitt.; CR, CO, VE; 2800-4100
m
Breutelia (Bruch & Schimp.) Schimp.
Ref.: Griffin, 1988.
B. brevifolia Herzog; CO; 3300-3745 m
B. brittoniae Renauld & Cardot; CO, VE, EC;
2700-4030 m
B. chrysea (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC;
2200-4300 m
B. inclinata (Hampe & Lorentz) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC;
2100-3975 m
B. integrifolia (Taylor) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 3000-4150
m
B. karsteniana (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC;
2555-4200 m
B. maegdefraui H.A.Crum; CO; 3400 m
B. polygastrica (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO, VE, EC;
2550-4300 m
B. rhythidioides Herzog; CO, VE, EC; 2555-4000 m
B. squarrosa A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 2340-4000 m
B. subarcuata (Müll.Hal.) Schimp.; CO, VE, EC;
1500-4300 m
B. tomentosa (Brid.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 1900-3930
m
B. trianae (Hampe) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 2100-4340
m
Conostomum Sw.
C. tetragonum (Hedw.) Lindb. [syn.: C. pentastichum (Brid.)
Lindb.]; CR, CO, VE, EC;
3410-4200 m
Flowersia D.G.Griffin & W.R.Buck
F. setifolia (Hook. & Arnott) D.G.Griffin & W.R.Buck;
CO, PE; 4000-4300 m
Leiomela (Mitt.) Broth.
L. aristifolia (A.Jaeger) Wijk & Margad.; CO, EC;
3260-4250 m
L. bartramioides (Hook.) Paris; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1200-3200 m
L. deciduifolia Herzog; CO, EC; 2480-4250 m
L. ecuadorensis H.Rob.; CO, EC; 3200-4200 m
L. lopezii D.G.Griffin; CO, VE; 2440-3680 m
L. peruviana R.S.Williams; EC; 3730-4155 m
Philonotis Brid.
P. andina (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 2770-4000
m
P. cernua (Wilson) D.G.Griffin & W.R.Buck; VE;
3300 m.
P. crassinervia Broth. & Paris; VE; 1700-3600
m
P. erecta (Mitt.) D.G.Griffin & W.R.Buck; VE;
3200 m
P. fontanella (Hampe) A.Jaeger; CO, EC; 2700-3750
m
P. hastata (Duby) Wijk & Margad.; VE; 2900-3500
m
P. longiseta (Michx.) E.Britton; CR, 3300 m
P. revoluta Bosch & Sande Lac.; CO; 2100-4100
m
P. rufiflora (Hornsch.) Reichardt; CO, VE, EC; 1000-4000
m
P. scabrifolia (Hook.f. & Wilson) Braithw.; CO, VE,
EC; 3750-4170 m
BRACHYTHECIACEAE
Aerolindigia M.Menzel
A. capillacea (Hornsch.) M.Menzel; CO, EC; 700-3700
m
Brachythecium Schimp.
Ref.: McFarland, 1988.
B. austro-glareosum (Müll.Hal.) Kindb.; CO, EC;
3300-4100 m
B. chocayae Herzog; CO; 3550 m
B. cirriphylloides McFarland; CO, VE; 2900-3620
m
B. conostomum (Taylor) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 3100-4500
m
B. occidentale (Hampe) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 2500-4500
m
B. plumosum (Hedw.) Schimp.; CO, VE, EC; 2000-3600
m
B. praelongum Schimp. ex Müll.Hal.; CO, VE, EC;
3600-4350 m
B. rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp.; CO, VE, EC; 2400-4050
m
B. stereopoma (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 900-3650
m
Eurhynchium Schimp.
E. praelongum (Hedw.) Schimp.; CR, VE, EC; 2100-3780
m
Palamocladium Müll.Hal.
P. leskeoides (Hook.) E.Britton; CO, VE, EC; 2000-3300
m
Platyhypnidium M. Fleisch.
P. aquaticum (A.Jaeger) M.Fleisch.; CO, VE, EC;
1500-4200 m
Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp.
R. inerme (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; EC; 3810 m
R. scariosus (Taylor) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 800-3680
m
R. serrulatum (Hedw.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 1000-4000
m
Rozea Besch.
R. chrysea Besch.; VE; 3500-3520 m
R. subjulacea Besch.; CO VE; 3300-3670 m
BRUCHIACEAE
Eobruchia W.R.Buck
E. ecuatoriana Steere; EC; 4200 m
BRYACEAE Schwägr.
Ref.: Ochi, 1980, 1981.
Acidodontium Schwägr.
A. heteroneuron (Mitt.) Broth.; VE, EC; 1600-3750
m
A. longifolium (Paris) Broth.; EC; 3690 m
A. megalocarpum (Hook.) Renauld & Cardot; CO, EC;
2310-4050 m
A. seminerve Hook.f. & Wilson; CO, EC; 1540-3825
m
A. subrotundum (Taylor) Hook.f. & Wilson; EC;
3400 m
Anomobryum Schimp.
A. clavicaule (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO, VE; 3085-3965
m
A. conicum (Hornsch.) Broth.; EC; 1050-4000 m
A. julaceum (P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Schimp. [syn.:
A.
filiforme (Dicks.) Solms.];
CR, CO, VE, EC; 2320-4050 m
A. plicatum Cardot CR, CO, VE; 3300-3700 m
A. prostratum (Müll.Hal.) Besch.; CO, VE, EC;
1230-3890 m
A. robustum Broth.; CO; 3000-3525 m
Brachymenium Schwägr.
B. speciosum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Steere; CO, EC;
1230-3385 m
B. globosum A.Jaeger; EC; 1200-3450 m
B. systylium (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger; VE, EC;
3020-3600 m
Bryum Hedw.
B. algovicum Sendtn. ex Müll.Hal.; VE, EC?;
3800-4400 m
B. alpinum Hüds. ex With.; CO, VE; 2900-3700
m
B. andicola Hook.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1100-4325 m
B. argenteum Hedw.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 20-4250 m
B. biforme R.S.Williams; VE; 4070 m
B. canariense Brid.; CO; 3620 m
B. capillare Hedw.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2285-4260 m
B. chryseum Mitt.; CR; 2200-3600 m
B. densifolium Brid.; EC; 940-3385 m
B. dichotomum Hedw.; CO, EC; 1050-4100 m
B. ellipsifolium Müll.Hal.; VE, CO; 3630-4400
m
B. goudotii Hampe; VE; 3350-3600 m
B. incacorralis Herzog; VE; 4070 m
B. innovans H.A.Crum; CO; 4150 m
B. laevigatum Hook.f. & Wilson; CO, VE; 3000-4335
m
B. micro-nitidum Ochi; EC; 3750-3860 m
B. pallescens Schleich. ex Schwägr.; CO, EC;
3080-4340 m
B. pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) P.Gaertn., G.Mey. & Scherb.;
CO, VE, EC; 1400-4100 m
Leptobryum (Bruch & Schimp.) Wilson
L. pyriforme (Hedw.) Wilson; CO, VE, EC, PE. 2750-4100
m
L. wilsonii (Mitt.) Broth.; EC; 3700 m
Mielichhoferia Nees, Hornsch. & J. W. Sturm
M. antisanensis (E.B.Bartram) H.Rob.; CO, EC; 3440
m
M. argentifolia Mitt.; VE, EC; 3900 m
M. diplodonta Mitt.; EC; 3110-3505 m
M. laxiretis Thér.; EC; 4000-4400 m
M. longiseta Müll.Hal.; EC; 2400-5110 m
M. megalocarpa (Arnott) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 2215-4000
m
Orthodontium Schwägr.
O. gracile Schwägr. ex Bruch, Schimp. & W.Gümbel;
VE; 3000-3400 m
O. pellucens (Hook.) Bruch, Schimp. & W.Gümbel;
CR, CO, VE, EC; 1420-3400 m
Pohlia Hedw.
P. chilensis (Mont.) A.J.Shaw; EC; 3500-3900 m
P. elongata Hedw.; CO, VE, EC; 1450-3450 m
P. longicollis (Hedw.) Lindb.; VE; 3100-3250 m
P. papillosa (A.Jaeger) Broth.; CO, VE, EC; 2200-4045
m
P. richardsii A.J.Shaw; CR; 3100 m
P. schisticola (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; PE; 2700-3100
m
P. wahlenbergii (F.Weber & D.Mohr) A.L.Andrews; CO,
VE, EC; 2900-4045 m
Rhodobryum Hampe
R. beyrichianum (Hornsch.) Müll.Hal.; VE; 1300-3600
m
R. grandifolium (Taylor) Schimp.; CO, VE, EC; 1300-4000
m
R. perspinidens (Broth.) Pócs; CO; 3220-3780
m
R. procerum (Besch.) Paris; CO, VE, EC; 2900-3700
m
R. roseodens (Müll.Hal.) Paris; CO, VE; 3350-4000
m
Schizymenium Harv.
S. andinum (Sull.) A.J.Shaw; VE; 2500-4000 m
S. bogotense (Hampe) A.J.Shaw; CO, EC; 2700-3800
m
S. campylocarpum (Hook. & Arnott) A.J.Shaw; CR, CO,
VE, EC; 3300-4100 m
S. fusiferum (Mitt.) A.J.Shaw; CO, EC; 2925-3800
m
S. gracilisetum (Hampe) A.J.Shaw; CO, VE; 2200-3600
m
S. lindigii (Hampe) A.J.Shaw; CO, EC; 2600-3700
m
S. linearicaulis (Müll.Hal.) A.J.Shaw; EC;
3910 m
S. lonchocarpum (Hook. & Arnott) A.J.Shaw; VE;
3390 m
S. nanum Taylor EC; 4115-4570 m
S. pseudopohlia A.J.Shaw; CO, VE, EC; 2900-3800
m
S. pusillum (Hook.f. & Wilson) A.J.Shaw; VE;
3100-3600 m
CALLICOSTACEAE
Callicostellopsis Broth.
C. meridensis (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; VE; 3400-3620
m
Cyclodicyton Mitt.
C. roridum (Hampe) Kuntze; CO, EC; 1950-3950 m
Lepidopilum (Brid.) Brid.
L. longifolium Hampe; CO, VE, EC; 1790-3700 m
Trachyxiphium W.R.Buck
T. steerei (D.G.Griffin) S.P.Churchill; VE, CO;
3500-3755 m
CATAGONIACEAE
Catagonium Müll.Hal.
C. brevicaudatum Müll.Hal. ex Broth.; CO, VE, EC;
2700-4250 m
CRYPHAEACEAE
Cryphaea D.Mohr
C. fasciculosa Mitt.; VE; 2900-3600 m
C. jamesonii Taylor; VE, EC; 1850-3900 m
C. patens Hornsch.; CO, EC; 1520-3700 m
C. pilifera Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1800-3500 m
Dendrocryphaea Paris & Schimp. ex Broth.
D. latifolia D.G.Griffin, Gradst. & J.Aguirre; CO;
3080-3400 m
DALTONIACEAE
Daltonia Hook. & Taylor
Ref.: Bartram, 1931.
D. bilimbata Hampe; CO, VE, EC; 2000-4100 m
D. brevinervis E.B.Bartram; CO; 3300 m
D. fenestrellata D.G.Griffin; CO; 3350 m
D. gracilis Mitt.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2100-4200 m
D. jamesonii Taylor; CO, EC; 3000-4260 m
D. latolimbata Broth.; VE; 2900-3500 m
D. lindigiana Hampe; CR, CO, EC; 2620-4000
D. longifolia Taylor; CO?, EC; 1540-4080
D. peruviana Mitt.; VE, EC; 3400-4100 m
D. pulvinata Mitt.; CR, CO, EC; 18004200 m
D. stenophylla Mitt.; CO, EC; 3000-3850 m
D. tenuifolia Mitt.; CO?, EC; 2050-3500 m
D. trachyodonta Mitt.; VE, EC; 3400-4000 m
Leskeodon Broth.
L. andicola (Mitt.) Broth.; CO, EC; 310-3730 m
DICRANACEAE
Ref.: Frahm, 1991.
Aongstroemia Bruch & Schimp.
A. julacea (Hook.) Mitt.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 3000-4600
m
A. orientalis Mitt.; VE; 2900-3800 m
Campylopus Brid.
C. albidovirens Herzog; CO, VE, EC; 2500-4000 m
C. amboroensis Thér.; VE?, CO; 3575-4300
m
C. anderssonii (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger; CO; 3260-4100
m
C. arctocarpus (Hornsch.) Mitt.; CO, VE?, EC; 2200-3700
m
C. areodictyon (Müll.Hal.) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC;
2900-3950 m
C. argyrocaulon (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO, VE, EC;
3000-4000 m
C. asperifolius Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 2000-3350 m
C. bryotropii J.-P.Frahm; VE, CO; 3500-3730 m
C. capitulatus E.B.Bartram; VE, EC; 2000-3950 m
C. cavifolius Mitt.; CO, VE?, EC; 3240-4300 m
C. cleefii J.-P.Frahm; CO; 3300-4400 m
C. densicoma (Müll.Hal.) Paris; VE, CO; 2100-4250 m; includes
var. densicoma and var.
yungarum (Herzog) J.-P.Frahm
C. dicnemioides (Müll.Hal.) Paris [syn.: C. cucullatifolius
Herzog, C. cuspidatus
(Hornsch.) Mitt. var. dicnemioides (Müll.Hal.)
J.-P.Frahm]; CO, VE, EC; 2450-3950 m
C. edithae Broth.; CO, VE, EC; 3600-4100 m
C. flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2850-3950 m; includes
var. flexuosus and
var. incacorralis (Herzog) J.-P.Frahm
C. fragilis (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. var. fragilis;
CR, CO, VE?, EC; 1550-4000 m
C. heterostachys (Hampe) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 1640-4300
m
C. huallagensis Broth.; CO, EC; 1800-4100 m
C. incertus Thér.; CO, VE, EC; 2800-3850
m
C. jamesonii (Hook.) A.Jaeger; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2180-4000
m
C. jugorum Herzog; CO; 3100-4235 m
C. lamellinervis (Müll.Hal.) Mitt. var. lamellinervis;
CO; 3300-3520 m
C. longicellularis J.-P.Frahm; VE?, CO; 2970-3830
m
C. nivalis (Brid.) Brid.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2500-4800 m; inlcudes
var. multicapsularis
(Müll.Hal.) J.-P.Frahm and var. nivalis
C. oblongus Thér.; VE, CO; 2900-3200 m
C. pauper (Hampe) Mitt. var. pauper; CO, EC;
2200-3400 m
C. perexilis (Müll.Hal.) Paris; CO; 3750 m
C. pilifer Brid. var. pilifer; CO?, VE, EC;
1500-4000 m
C. pittieri R.S.Williams; CO, VE, EC; 2500-4200
m
C. reflexisetus (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO, VE, EC;
2600-3690 m
C. richardii Brid.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 600-3910 m
C. sharpii J.-P.Frahm, D.G.Horton & Vitt; CO, EC;
3100-3570 m
C. subcuspidatus (Hampe) A.Jaeger; CO, EC; 3650-3850
m
C. subjugorum Broth.; CO, VE, EC; 3050-4250 m
C. thysanomitrioides Thér.; VE; 3600-3750
m
C. trichophylloides Thér.; CO, EC; 3850-4700
m
C. trivialis Müll.Hal. ex E.Britton; CO, EC;
1600-4300 m
Chorisodontium (Mitt.) Broth.
Ref.: Frahm, 1989.
C. mittenii (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO, VE, EC;
2100-3750 m
C. wallisii (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO, VE, EC; 2340-4050 m;
includes var. speciosum
(Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. and var. wallisii
Dicranella (Müll.Hal.) Schimp. [Note: Includes
Anisothecium
Mitt.]
D. campylophyllum (Taylor) A.Jaeger [syn.: Cheilothela vaginata
H.Rob.; D. cardotii
(R.Br. ter.) Dixon]; CO, VE, EC; 2940-4400 m
D. hookeri (Müll.Hal.) Cardot; CO, VE, EC;
2240-4100 m
D. vaginatum (Hook.) Cardot; CO, EC; 2700-3950 m
Dicranodontium Bruch & Schimp.
D. pulchroalare Broth. (syn.: D. meridionale E.B.Bartram);
CO; 2660-3500 m
Dicranoweisia Lindb. ex Milde
D. fastigiata (Mitt.) Paris; EC; 3000-4410 m
Dicranum Hedw.
D. frigidum Müll.Hal.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1600-3800
m
D. peruvianum H.Rob.; CO, EC, PE?; 3200-3800 m
Holodontium (Mitt.) Broth.
H. strictum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Ochyra [syn.: H. inerme
(Mitt.) Broth.]; EC; 4200 m
Holomitrium Brid.
H. arboreum Mitt.; CO, EC; 500-3500 m
H. flexuosum Mitt.; CO, EC; 1800-3500 m
H. pulchellum Mitt.; CR, CO, EC; 2460-4000 m
Hygrodicranum Cardot
H. bolivianum Herzog; EC; 3900-4100 m
Kingiobryum H.Rob.
K. paramicola H.Rob.; VE, CO; 3490-4200 m
Metzleria Schimp. ex Milde (syn.: Atractylocarpus
Mitt.)
M. longiseta (Hook.) Broth.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2000-4300
m
Oreoweisia (Bruch, Schimp. & W.Gümbel) De Not.
Ref.: Griffin, 1986.
O. brasiliensis Hampe; VE, CO; 2600-3200 m
O. erosa (Müll.Hal.) Kindb.; CO, VE, EC; 2600-4500
m
O. laxiretis Broth. ex Herzog; VE; 3390 m
O. tunariensis Herzog; VE, PE; 3100-3900 m
Pilopogon Brid.
P. guadeloupensis (Brid.) J.-P.Frahm; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1440-4400 m
P. laevis (Taylor) Thér.; CO, VE, EC; 3200-4410
m
P. macrocarpus Broth.; CO; 2700-3500 m
Rhabdoweisia Bruch & Schimp.
R. fugax (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp.; CR, CO, EC;
2200-3600 m
Sphaerothecium Hampe
S. phascoides Thér.; CO; 2770-3400 m
Symblepharis Mont.
S. fragilis Mitt.; EC; 2770-4000 m
S. lindigii Hampe; CO, EC; 2500-3750 m
S. vaginata (Hook.) Wijk & Margad.; EC; 1850-3690
m
DITRICHACEAE
Ceratodon Brid.
C. stenocarpus Bruch & Schimp.; CR, CO, VE, PE.
2400-3900 m
Chrysoblastella R.S.Williams
C. chilensis (Mont.) Reimers; VE, CO, EC; 2900-4200
m
Distichum Bruch & Schimp., nom. cons.
D. capillaceum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp.; CO, VE, EC;
3500-4280 m
Ditrichum Hampe, nom. cons.
D. bogotense (Hampe) Broth. (syn.: D. venezuelanum D.G.Griffin;
VE, CO; 3100-3240
m
D. crinale (Taylor) Kuntze; CO, VE, EC; 2700-4300
m
D. gracile (Mitt.) Kuntze; CO, EC; 3000-4350 m
D. rufescens (Hampe) Hampe; CO, VE, EC; 2000-3700
m
D. submersum Cardot & Herzog; CO; 3600-3800
m
Pleuridium Rabenh.
P. andinum Herzog; VE; 3500 m
P. lindigianium (Hampe) S.P.Churchill; CO; 2500-3200
m
P. venezuelanum D.G.Griffin; VE; 3800 m
Tristichium Müll.Hal.
T. lorentzii Herzog; CO; 4130 m
T. mirabile (Müll.Hal.) Herzog; CR, CO, VE;
3300-3600 m
ENCALYPTACEAE
Encalypta Hedw.
E. asperifolia Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 3600-4310 m
E. ciliata Hedw.; CO, EC; 3080-4200 m
ENTODONTACEAE
Entodon Müll.Hal.
E. jamesonii (Taylor) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1000-3500
m
EUSTICHIACEAE
Diplostichum Mont. (syn.: Eustichia Broth.)
D. longirostre (Brid.) Brid.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2200-4030
m
FABRONIACEAE
Fabronia Raddi
F. ciliaris (Brid.) Brid. var. wrightii (Sull.) W.R.Buck;
EC; 1800-3500 m
F. jamesonii Taylor; VE; 3100-3200 m
FISSIDENTACEAE
Fissidens Hedw.
F. crispus Mont. (syn.: F. repandus Wilson ex Mitt.);
CO, EC; 200-3500 m
F. curvatus Hornsch. (syn.: F. milobakeri L.F.Koch);
VE; 2900-3500 m
F. serrulatus Müll.Hal. var. leptochaete (Dusén)
Brugg.-Nann. & Pursell; EC; 3700 m
F. rigidulus Hook.f. & Wilson; CO, VE, EC; 2200-4100
m
F. wallisii Müll.Hal.; CO; 2200-3700 m
FONTINALIACEAE
Fontinalis Hedw.
F. bogotensis Hampe; CO; 2000-3700 m
FUNARIACEAE
Entosthodon Schwägr.
Ref.: Fife, 1987.
E. bonplandii (Hook.) Mitt.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1545-3690
m
E. jamesonii (Taylor) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 2200-4200
m
E. laevis (Mitt.) Fife; EC; 2000-3900 m
E. laxus (Wilson & Hook.f) Mitt.; VE, EC; 3400-4100
m
E. lindigii (Hampe) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 2500-3690
m
E. mathewsii Hook.f.; EC; 3385 m
E. obtusifolius Hook.f.; VE; 1850-3500 m
E. radians (Hedw.) Müell.Hal. [syn.: E. acaulis
(Hampe) Fife]; VE, EC; 1900-3310 m
Funaria Hedw.
F. calvescens Schwägr.; CR, CO, EC; 1000-3750
m
F. hygrometrica Hedw.; CO; VE; 2900-4400 m
F. macrospora R.S.Williams; VE; 4000 m
F. microstoma Bruch ex Schimp.; VE; 2900-3300 m
GRIMMIACEAE
Grimmia Hedw.
G. donniana Sm.; EC; 4650 m
G. fuscolutea Hook.; VE, EC; 3960-4650 m
G. longirostris Hook.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2800-4400 m [Note:
G.
affinis Hornsch. and
G. ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. of reports.]
G. navicularis Herzog; CO, VE, EC; 3850-5300 m
G. ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb.; CR, VE, EC; 3100-4060
m
G. pansa R.S.Williams; CO, VE, EC; 3200-4400 m
G. trichophylla Grev.; CR, PA, CO, VE, EC; 2900-3900
m
Ptychomitrium Fürnr.
P. chimborazense (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; VE, EC?; 2615-3200
m
Racomitrium Brid.
R. brachypus Müll.Hal.; EC; 3700 m
R. crispipilum (Taylor) A.Jaeger; CR, CO, VE, EC, PE.
2600-4500 m
R. cucullatifolium Hampe; VE, CO, EC; 2400-3885
m
R. dichelymoides Herzog; CO; 1500-3800 m
R. lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid.; CO, EC, PE; 3000-4200
m
R. steerei D.G.Griffin; VE; 3370-3750 m
Schistidium Brid.
S. angustifolium (Mitt.) Herzog; EC; >4000 m
S. apocarpum (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp.; CO, VE, EC;
2900-3890 m
S. rivulare (Brid.) Podp.; CO, VE, EC; 3530-4000 m; includes
ssp. latifolium (Brid.)
Podp. in EC and ssp. rivulare
HEDWIGIACEAE
Braunia Bruch & Schimp.
B. cirrhifolia (Wilson) A.Jaeger; EC; 3000-3300
m
B. diaphana (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger [syn.: B. plicata
(Mitt.) A.Jaeger]; EC; 3200-3300 m
B. laxifolia Herzog; VE; 3100-3200 m
B. nephelogenes DeLuna & W.R.Buck; EC; 3600-3755
m
B. secunda (Hook.) Bruch & Schimp.; VE, EC;
3100-4150 m
Hedwigia P.Beauv.
H. ciliata (Hedw.) P.Beauv.; CO, VE, EC; 1800-3690
m
Hedwigidium Bruch & Schimp.
H. integrifolium (P.Beauv.) Dixon; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2420-4150 m
HYLOCOMIACEAE
Loeskeobryum M.Fleisch. ex Broth.
L. giganteum (E.B.Bartram) J.R.Rohrer; CO; 3570
m
Pleurozium Mitt.
P. schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.; CO, VE?, EC; 2650-4200
m
Rhytidium (Sull.) Kindb.
R. rugosum (Hedw.) Kindb.; VE; 3100 m
HYPNACEAE
Cariobaeohypnum Ando & Higuchi
C. polypterum (Mitt.) Ando & Higuchi [syn.: Hypnum polypterum
(Mitt.) Broth.]; CO,
VE, EC; 2800-3500 m
Ctenidium (Schimp.) Mitt.
C. malacodes Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1700-4000 m
Herzogiella Broth.
H. cylindricarpa (Cardot) Z.Iwats.; CO, VE, EC;
2600-4100 m
Hypnum Hedw., nom. cons.
H. amabile (Mitt.) Hampe; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1850-3750
m
H. cupressiforme Hedw.; CO, VE, EC; 2900-4100 m; includes var.
lacunosum
(Brid.)
Bertsch. and var. cupressiforme in CO
Mittenothamnium Henn., nom. cons.
M. lehmannii (Besch.) Cardot; CR; 1300-3500 m
M. reptans (Hedw.) Cardot; CO, VE, EC; 975-3400
m
Pseudotaxiphyllum Z.Iwats.
P. distichaceum (Mitt.) Z.Iwats.; CO, VE; 3700 m
Pylaisiella Kindb. ex Grout
P. falcata (Schimp.) Ando; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2460-4000
m
HYPOPTERYGIACEAE
Hypopterygium Brid.
H. tamarisci (Sw.) Brid. ex Müell.Hal.; VE, EC;
900-3300 m
LEPYRODONTACEAE
Lepyrodon Hampe
L. tomentosus (Hook.) Mitt.; CR, PA, CO, VE, EC;
2900-4300 m
LESKEACEAE
Leskea Hedw.
L. angustata Taylor; VE, EC; 2155-3500 m
L. teretiuscula Mitt.; EC; 2460-3385 m
Leskeadelphus Herzog
L. bolivianus (E.Britton) W.R.Buck; CO, EC; 2300-3500
m
LEUCODONTACEAE
Leucodon Schwägr.
L. curvirostris Hampe; CR, VE, CO; 2600-3600 m
LEUCOMIACEAE
Rhychostegiopsis Müll.Hal.
R. tunguraguana (Mitt.) Broth.; CO, EC; 2600-3450
m
MACROMITRIACEAE
Macrocoma (Müll.Hal.) Grout
M. tenue (Hook. & Grev.) Vitt ssp. sullivantii (Müll.Hal.)
Vitt; VE, EC; 1400-3300 m
Macromitrium Brid.
M. aureum Müll.Hal.; CO, EC; 2460-3750 m
M. cirrosum (Hedw.) Brid.; CR, CO, EC; 520-4200
m
M. drewii H.Rob.; EC; 3750-3850 m
M. fuscoaureum E.B.Bartram; CO, VE, EC; 1850-3385
m
M. guatemalense Müll.Hal. (syn.: M. serrulatum
Mitt.); CO, VE, EC; 1940-3750 m
M. longifolium (Hook.) Brid.; CO, VE, EC; 1800-4220
m
M. oblongum (Taylor) Mitt.; EC; 3100 m
M. perreflexum Steere; EC; 2750-3700 m
M. punctatum (Hook. & Grev.) Brid.; EC; 300-3300
m
M. subcirrosum Müll.Hal.; CO; 1840-3550 m
M. subcrenulatum Broth.; EC; 3200-3600 m
M. trachypodium Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1800-3630 m
M. ulophyllum Mitt.; CO, EC; 2000-3600 m
MEESIACEAE
Meesia Hedw.
M. longiseta Hedw.; CO, EC; 2300-3800 m
M. triquetra (Hedw.) Ångstr.; VE; 3500 m
METEORIACEAE
Lindigia Hampe
L. debilis (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC; 2580-3400
m
Meteorium (Brid.) Dozy & Molk.
M. sinuatum (Müll.Hal.) Mitt. (syn.: M. illecebrum
Sull.); CO, VE, EC; 1000-3775 m
Papillaria (Müll.Hal.) Müll.Hal.
P. deppei (Hornsch.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE; 1030-3500
m
P. imponderosa (Taylor) Broth.; CO, VE, EC; 130-3100
m
P. penicillata (Dozy & Molk.) Broth.; VE; 1300-3000
m
Pilotrichella (Müll.Hal.) Besch.
P. flexilis (Hedw.) Ångstr.; CO, VE, EC; 1725-3550
m
P. quitensis (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; EC; 2850-3500 m
Squamidium (Müll.Hal.) Broth.
S. leucotrichum (Taylor) Broth.; CR, CO, VE?, EC;
600-3800 m
S. nigricans (Hook.) Broth.; CO, EC; 750-3500 m
Zelometeorium Manuel
Z. patulum (Hedw.) Manuel; VE; 20-3200 m
MNIACEAE
Plagiomnium T.J.Kop.
P. rhynchophorum (Hook.) T.J.Kop.; CR, CO, VE, EC;
500-3850 m
NECKERACEAE
Neckera Hedw.
N. andina Mitt.; EC; 3500 m
N. chilensis Schimp. ex Mont.; CO, VE, EC; 1680-4100
m
N. ehrenbergii Müll.Hal.; CO, EC; 3100-4100
m
N. obtusifolius Taylor; CO, VE, EC; 2000-4000 m
N. scabridens Müll.Hal.; CO, EC; 1700-3750
m
ORTHOTRICHACEAE
Amphidium Schimp., nom. cons.
A. tortuosum (Hornsch.) Cufod. [syn.: A. cyathicarpum
(Mont.) Broth.]; CO, VE, EC;
3000-4100 m
Orthotrichum Hedw.
Ref.: Lewinsky, 1984, 1987.
O. aequatoreum Mitt.; VE, EC; 2200-3800 m
O. elongatum Taylor; CO, VE, EC; 2560-4050 m
O. latimarginatum Lewinsky; EC; 3780 m
O. laxifolium Wilson; VE, EC; 2900-3690 m
O. mandonii Schimp. ex Hampe; CO, VE, EC; 3000-4120
m
O. pallens Brid.; VE; 3100-3300 m
O. pariatum Mitt.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2590-4000 m
O. penicillatum Mitt.; CO, VE; 2700-4000 m
O. pungens Mitt.; EC; 2600-4000 m
O. pycnophyllum Schimp.; CO, VE, EC; 2200-4100 m; includes var.
pycnophyllum
and
var. verrucosum Lewinsky
O. rupestre Schleich. ex Schwägr.; VE, EC;
3200-4210 m
O. steerei Lewinsky; CO, VE, EC; 3200-3750 m
O. subulatum Mitt.; EC; 3100-3200 m
O. trachymitrium Mitt.; EC; 3500 m
Zygodon Hook. & Taylor
Ref.: Griffin, 1990b; Malta, 1926.
Z. altarensis Broth.; EC; 4000-4200 m
Z. campylophyllus Müll.Hal.; CO; 3550 m
Z. ehrenbergii Müll.Hal.; CO, EC; 2000-3500
m
Z. fasciculatus Mitt.; EC; 3000-4100 m
Z. fragilis H.Rob.; CO, VE, EC; 3220-4200 m
Z. goudotii Hampe; VE; 2700-3800 m
Z. liebmannii Schimp.; CR, EC; 3200-3750 m
Z. longicellularis D.G.Griffin; VE; 3600-3750 m
Z. nivalis Hampe; CO, EC; 3300-4050 m
Z. oeneus Herzog; VE; 3200 m
Z. peruvianus Sull.; CO, VE, EC; 2460-4230 m
Z. petrophilus R.S.Williams; VE; 2900-3300 m
Z. pichinchensis (Taylor) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 3300-4510
m
Z. quitensis Mitt. var. integrifolius Malta; EC;
4000-4200 m
Z. reinwardtii (Hornsch.) Braun; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1940-3750 m
Z. rufescens (Hampe) Broth.; VE; 2900-3600 m
Z. sordidus Müll.Hal.; VE; 2900-3300 m
Z. squarrosus (Taylor) Müll.Hal.; CO, EC; 3000-4200
m
Z. stenocarpus Taylor; CO, EC; 3200-4100 m; includes var. linearifolius
(Mitt.) Malta
and var. stenocarpus
Z. subsquarrosus Broth.; EC; 3810-4000 m
Z. venezuelensis D.G.Griffin; VE; 3700 m
PHYLLOGONIACEAE
Phyllogonium Brid.
P. fulgens (Hedw.) Brid.; CO, EC; 500-4200 m
P. viscosum (P. Beauv.) Mitt.; CO, EC; 1000-3500
m
PLAGIOTHECIACEAE
Plagiothecium Bruch & Schimp.
P. conostegium Herzog; CO, VE, EC; 3000-4040 m
P. drepanophyllum Renauld & Cardot; CO, VE;
2500-3740 m
P. lucidum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Paris; CO, VE, EC;
2000-4120 m
P. novo-granatense (Hampe) Mitt.; CO, EC; 2600-3700
m
POLYTRICHACEAE
Notoligotrichum G. L. Sm.
N. trichodon (Hook.f. & Wilson) G. L. Sm.; CO, EC;
4000-4200 m
Oligotrichum Lam. & A. DC.
O. erosum (Hampe) Lindb.; CO?, EC; 2600-3400 m
Pogonatum P. Beauv.
Ref.: Hyvönen, 1989.
P. campylocarpum (Müll.Hal.) Mitt.; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1400-4000 m
P. neglectum (Hampe) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC? 1900-3600
m
P. perichaetiale (Mont.) A.Jaeger var. oligodus (Müll.Hal.)
Hyvönen; CO, VE, EC;
1700-4180 m
P. procerum (Lindb.) Schimp.; EC; 3600 m
Polytrichadelphus (Müll.Hal.) Mitt.
P. aristatus (Hampe) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1140-4200
m
P. ciliatus (Hook.f. & Wilson) Mitt.; CO, VE;
2500-3500 m
P. costaricensis E.B.Bartram; CR; ? m
P. giganteus (Hook.) Mitt.; CO; 3500 m
P. longisetus (Hook.) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1440-4080
m
P. purpureus Mitt.; CO, EC; 3000-3900 m
Polytrichastrum G.L.Sm.
P. alpiniforme (Cardot) G.L.Sm.; CR, EC; 3500-4120
m
P. tenellum (Müll.Hal.) G.L.Sm.; CO, VE; 2800-4100
m
Polytrichum Hedw.
P. ericoides Hampe; CO, EC? 1500-3450 m
P. juniperinum Hedw.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 800-4680 m
POTTIACEAE
Ref.: Zander, 1993.
Alonia Kindb.
A. rigida (Hedw.) Limpr.; EC; 3385 m
Aloinella Cardot
A. cucullatifolia (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; EC; 3690
m
A. cucullifera (Müll.Hal.) Steere; EC; 3385-4310
m
A. venezuelana D.G.Griffin; VE; 3800-4000 m
Anoectangium Schwägr.
A. aestivum Hedw. [syn.: A. euchloron (Schwägr.)
Mitt.]; CO, VE, EC; 1120-4030 m
Barbula Hedw., nom. cons.
B. appressifolia (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; CO; 4100 m
B. costata (Mitt.) A.Jaeger; EC; 2200-4100 m
B. glaucescens Hampe; CO, EC; 3200-4000 m
B. vulcanica Lorentz; EC; 2770-3690 m
Bellibarbula P.C.Chen
B. recurva (Griff.) R. H. Zander [syn.: Bryoerythrophyllum
recurvum (Griff.) K.Saito];
VE; 3200 m
Bryoerythrophyllum P.C.Chen
B. bolivianum (Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander; EC; 3690
m
B. campylocarpum (Müll.Hal.) H.A.Crum; CO, VE, EC;
2100-3500 m
B. inaequalifolium (Taylor) R.H.Zander; CO, VE, EC;
3000-4300 m
B. jamesonii (Taylor) H.A.Crum; CO, VE, EC; 1400-4300
m
Didymodon Hedw.
D. australasiae (Hook. & Grev.) R.H.Zander; CO, VE,
EC; 1650-4300 m
D. inundatus (Mitt.) Broth.; EC; 3570 m
D. laevigatus (Mitt.) R.H.Zander; CO, VE, EC; 2400-4350
m
D. nigrescens (Mitt.) Saito (syn.: Barbula brunneola
Müll.Hal.); CR; 3491 m
D. rigidulus Hedw.; VE, EC; 1700-4300 m; includes var. gracilis
(Schleich. ex Hook.
& Grev.) R.H.Zander in VE, and var. icmadophila
(Schimp. ex Müll.Hal.) R.H.
Zander and var. rigidulus in EC
D. taylori R.H.Zander; EC; 2400-3385 m
D. umbrosus (Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander [syn.: D. australasiae
(Hook. & Grev.) R. H.
Zander var. umbrosus (Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander];
VE; 2000-3300 m
D. vinealis (Brid.) R.H.Zander; VE; 1660-3600 m
Erythrophyllastrum R.H.Zander
E. andina (Sull.) R.H.Zander; CO, EC; 3600-4200
m
Hennediella Paris
H. bellii (E.B.Bartram) R.H.Zander; EC; 3110-3260
m
H. denticulata (Wilson) R.H.Zander; EC; 3080-3090
m
H. limbata (Mitt.) R.H.Zander; EC; 2200-4100 m
Hymenostylium Brid.
H. recurvirostrum (Hedw.) Dixon; VE, CO; 950-4100
Leptodontium (Müll.Hal.) Hampe ex Lindb.
Ref.: Zander, 1972.
L. araucarietii (Müll.Hal.) Paris; EC; 2100-4100
m
L. brachyphyllum Broth. & Thér.; CO, VE, EC;
2650-4100 m
L. capituligerum Müll.Hal.; CO, VE, EC, PE.
2200-4100 m
L. erythroneuron Herzog; CO, VE, EC; 3500-4050 m
L. flexifolium (Dicks. ex With.) Hampe; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2400-4525 m
L. longicaule Mitt.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2350-4600 m; includes var.
longicaule
and microruncinatum (Dusén ) R.H.Zander
L. luteum (Taylor) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 2420-4000
m
L. planifolium Herzog; CO, EC; 3300-3700 m
L. proliferum Herzog; CO; 3500 m
L. pungens (Mitt.) Kindb.; CO, VE, EC; 2265-5300
m
L. stellaticuspis E.B.Bartram; CO, VE, EC; 3500-4470
m
L. stoloniferum R.H.Zander; CR, CO, EC; 3450-3600
m
L. subintegrifolium Thér. ex Herzog; EC;
4250 m
L. syntrichioides (Müll.Hal.) Kindb.; CO, EC;
3080-3700 m
L. viticulosoides (P.Beauv.) Wijk & Margad.; CR, CO, VE,
EC; 1800-4000 m; includes
var. exasperatum (Cardot) R.H.Zander, var. sulphureum
(Lorentz) R.H.Zander, and
var. viticulosoides
L. wallisii (Müll.Hal.) Kindb.; CR, CO, VE, EC;
3000-4270 m
Mironia R.H.Zander [syn.: Morinia Cardot (1910) nom. illeg.,
non A.Berl. & Bres.(1889)]
M. ehrenbergiana (Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2700-4350 m; includes var.
ehrenbergiana and var. elongata (Wilson)
R.H.Zander
Molendoa Lindb.
M. andina (Mitt.) Broth.; EC; 3080 m
Pseudocrossidium R.S.Williams
P. excavatum (Mitt.) R.S.Williams; EC; 2700-3900
m
P. replicatum (Taylor) R.H.Zander; CO, VE, EC; 1030-4200
m
Pseudosymblepharis Broth.
P. schimperiana (Paris) H.A.Crum; CO, EC; 1000-4000
m
Sagenotortula R.H.Zander (syn.: Tortula p.p.)
S. quitoensis (Taylor) R.H.Zander; CO, EC; 2500-4100
m
Streptopogon Wilson
S. calymperes Müll.Hal. ex Geh.; CO, VE, EC;
1000-4000 m
S. erythrodontus (Spruce) Spruce ex Mitt.; CO, VE, EC;
1300-3900 m
Syntrichia Brid. (syn.: Tortula p.p.)
S. aculeata (Wilson) R.H.Zander; EC; 3810-4570 m
S. amphidiacea (Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander; VE, EC;
2200-3500 m
S. andicola (Mont.) Ochyra; CO, VE, EC; 3300-4340 m
S. bogotensis (Hampe) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 2460-3950
m
S. fragilis (Taylor) Ochyra; CO, VE, EC; 2000-3690
m
S. percarnosa (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO; 3520-4350
m
S. pichinchensis (Taylor) R.H.Zander; CO, EC; 2700-4200
m
S. princeps (DeNot.) Mitt.; EC; 4170 m
S. ruralis (Hedw.) F.Weber & Mohr; EC; 3700-4120
m
Trichostomum Bruch
T. aequatoriale Spruce ex Dixon; EC; 1830-4480 m
T. brachydontium Bruch; CR, CO, VE, EC; 740-4000
m
T. tenuirostris (Hook. & Taylor) Lindb.; CO, VE?,
EC; 180-3780 m
PRIONODONTACEAE
Prionodon Müll.Hal.
P. densus (Hedw.) Müll.Hal.; CO, VE, EC; 1450-4000
m
P. fusco-lutescens Hampe; CO, VE, EC; 1750-3720
m
RACOPILACEAE
Racopilum P.Beauv.
R. intermedium Hampe; VE; 1800-3100 m
R. tomentosum (Hedw.) Brid.; CR, CO; 245-3500 m
RHACOCARPACEAE
Rhacocarpus Lindb.
R. purpurascens (Brid.) Paris; CR, CO, VE, EC; 600-4200
m
RHIZOGONIACEAE
Leptotheca Schwägr.
L. boliviana Herzog; CO, EC; 1840-3700 m
Pyrrhobryum Mitt.
P. mnioides (Hook.) Manuel; CR, CO, VE; 2750-3670
m
Rhizogonium Brid.
R. novae-hollandiae (Brid.) Brid. [syn.: R. lindigii
(Hampe) Mitt.]; CO, VE; 1500-3720
m
RIGODIACEAE
Rigodium Kunze ex Schwägr.
R. toxarion (Schwägr.) A.Jaeger; CO, VE, EC;
2550-3750 m
SELIGERIACEAE
Blindia Bruch, Schimp. & W.Gümbel
Ref.: Bartlett & Vitt, 1986.
B. gradsteinii J.K.Bartlett & Vitt; CO; 4090
m
B. magellanica Schimp.; CO, VE, EC; 2940-4200 m
SEMATOPHYLLACEAE
Acroporium Mitt.
A. pungens (Hedw.) Broth.; CO; 80-3500 m
Aptychella (Broth.) Herzog
A. proligera (Broth.) Herzog; CO, VE, EC; 1800-3700
m
Aptychopsis (Broth.) M.Fleisch.
A. pycnodonta Herzog; CO; 3500 m
Sematophyllum Mitt.
S. aureo-sulfureum (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; CO;
2650-3690 m
S. esmeraldicum (Müll.Hal.) Broth.; VE, EC;
2930-3700 m
S. decumbens Mitt.; CO, EC; 1850-3800 m
S. napoanum (DeNot.) Steere; CO, VE, EC; 1900-4000
m
S. obliquerostratum Mitt.; EC; 3250 m
S. swartzii (Schwägr.) Welch & H.A.Crum; VE;
2900-3300 m
SPHAGNACEAE
Sphagnum L.
S. azuayense H.A.Crum; EC; 3350 m
S. balslevii H.A.Crum; EC; 2430-3630 m
S. barclayae H.A.Crum; EC; 3750 m
S. boyacanum H.A.Crum; CO; 3400 m
S. cleefii H.A.Crum; CO; 3390 m
S. compactum DC.; CO, VE; 1900-3600 m
S. cundinamarcanum H.A.Crum; CO; 3300 m
S. curvatulum H.A.Crum; CO, EC, 3050-3700 m
S. cuspidatum Ehrh.; CR, CO, EC; 2500-3800 m
S. cyclophyllum Sull. & Lesq.; CO; 3375-3650
m
S. incommodum H.A.Crum; EC; 2550-3450 m
S. laegaardii H.A.Crum; EC; 3900 m
S. lewisii H.A.Crum; CO; 3100 m
S. limbatum Mitt.; CO, VE; 1680-4030 m
S. maegdefraui H.Suzuki; VE; 3350 m
S. magellanicum Brid.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1500-3980
m
S. meridense (Hampe) Müll.Hal.; CO, VE, EC;
1220-3600 m
S. oxyphyllum Warnst.; CO; 1400-3340 m
S. pulchricoma Müll.Hal.; EC; 2800-3000 m
S. pylaesii Brid.; EC; 3870 m
S. recurvum P.Beauv. var. recurvum; CO; 1725-3800
m
S. rio-negrense H.A.Crum; CO; 3350-3375 m
S. sancto-josephense H.A.Crum & Crosby; CR, CO, VE,
EC; 2200-4020 m
S. sparsum Hampe; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1340-3800 m
S. subsecundum Nees var. rufescens (Nees & Hornsch.)
Hüb.; CR, CO, EC; 1400-3500
m
S. sumapazense H.A.Crum; CO; 3500-3650 m
S. tenerum Sull. & Lesq. ex Sull.; CO; 2460-3600
m
SPLACHNACEAE
Brachymitrion Taylor
B. jamesonii Taylor; CO, VE, EC; 2770-4200 m
B. moritzianum (Müll.Hal.) A.K.Kop.; CR, VE;
1780-3500 m
Splachnum Hedw.
S. weberbaueri Reim.; CO, VE, EC; 2500-3950 m
Tayloria Hook.
T. altorum Herzog; CO; 3400 m
T. magellanica (Brid.) Mitt.; CO; 3200-3750 m
T. rubricaulis A.K.Kop.; CO; 4260 m
T. scabriseta (Hook.) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 2500-4340
m
Tetraplodon Bruch & Schimp.
T. mnioides (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp.; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1800-3800 m
THAMNOBRYACEAE
Porotrichodendron M.Fleisch.
P. nitidum (Hampe) Broth.; CO, EC; 2500-3700 m
P. robustum Broth.; CO; 2340-3750 m
P. superbum (Taylor) Broth.; CO, VE, EC; 2400-3700
m
Porotrichum (Brid.) Hampe
P. lancifrons (Hampe) I.Sastre; CO, VE; 1400-3250
m
P. longirostre (Hook.) Mitt.; CO, VE; 500-3200 m
THUIDIACEAE
Cyrto-hypnum (Hampe) Hampe & Lorentz
C. leptocladium (Taylor) W.R.Buck & H.A.Crum; EC;
1230-3690 m
Thuidium Bruch & Schimp.
T. delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp.; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1000-3700 m
T. peruvianum Mitt.; CO, VE, EC; 1840-4200 m
T. philibertii Limpr.; VE; 3000-3500 m
T. pseudo-protensum (Müll.Hal.) Mitt.; CO, VE, EC;
2200-3000 m
Acknowledgements
A portion of this work was supported by grants from the National
Science Foundation (DEB-88-18051, DEB-92-01281) to the first author, and
to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (grant to Dr. James L. Luteyn) for funding
a visit (for SPC) to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Also, we thank T. Pócs for several additional moss records for Venezuela,
and Jesús Munóz for data on Grimmia.
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