Introduction
to the
Páramo Ecosystem
Checklist
of Páramo
Plants
Lichens
Mosses
Hepatics
Vascular
plants
Gazetteer
of Páramo
Localities
Costa
Rica & Panama
Colombia
Venezuela
Ecuador
Peru
H. J. M. Sipman
This checklist presents all species of lichenized fungi currently known from the páramo region and includes 45 families, 114 genera, and ca. 463 species. Neither subspecific taxa or lichenicolous fungi (fungi that grow on lichens) are included in the list.
For the preparation of the checklist, the páramo region is defined as the area above 3200 m altitude in Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northernmost Peru. Vegetation characteristics have not been used for delimitation, because literature references and herbarium labels tend to give little information on the vegetation. Also, lichens depend on the availability of microhabitats, e.g., rock outcrops and tree bark, rather than on the zonal vegetation. For example, pure grassland, including páramo grassland, tends to be poor in lichens.
The species listed reflect this preference for azonal habitats: a considerable group inhabits xerothermic habitats and has its main distribution at lower elevations, including species of Catapyrenium, Toninia, and Xanthoparmelia. The same holds true for most species from tree trunks, which equally seem to be outposts of taxa from lower elevations. The genus Stereocaulon, on the contrary, is clearly more diverse in the páramos, probably because it grows on free rock faces. At lower elevations it can be found mainly where human activities have created suitable habitats in road cuts or in deforested areas.
The checklist is based principally on an evaluation of the literature. The main sources were a list of macrolichens from parts of Venezuela (López-Figueiras, 1986), a survey of lichen zonation in Ecuador (Arvidsson, 1991), a checklist for the Venezuelan páramos (Marcano et al., 1996), and, in particular, the information accumulated for a planned checklist of Colombian lichens. For completion, information was taken from herbarium specimens archived at B, and to a lesser extent at NY, U, and in the herb. Aptroot. However, the evaluation of the herbarium material was not complete, and various additions can be expected, in particular from NY, GB, and US.
Early literature required special attention, because different species concepts were sometimes used. Where an occurrence in the páramos seemed unlikely in view of the presently known distribution, it is supposed that the recorded material does not belong to the species in its current sense, and the record has been omitted. However, the actual distribution is poorly known for many species, so that some doubtful records may still be listed. Checking of specimens, on which the records are based, has not been done.
Literature references are given at the beginning of each family or genus. For species where no published information was available, a single representative specimen is indicated. The indicated altitudinal range concerns only the countries where páramos are found. In other countries the altitudinal range of a species may be considerably different from that listed here. Many species have large ranges, extending far beyond the páramos, and may occur at considerably lower elevation in, e.g., temperate areas with an oceanic climate.
This list is probably more incomplete than those of the other groups in this book because of a lack of distribution data and because of incomplete taxonomic knowledge of lichens in general. Few páramo areas have been investigated more than superficially for their lichen flora, and the results of these explorations are only to a small extent published. In some publications, no precise indication of elevation is given, so that páramo records could not be recognized as such. Few groups have received sufficient taxonomic attention to make reliable determinations possible. Among the fairly well-known groups are the families Cladoniaceae and Parmeliaceae (excl. Usnea), and the genera Stereocaulon and Umbilicaria. An increased knowledge of páramo lichens will certainly show that some of the poorly-known genera are much more diverse in the páramos than the present list suggests. Also it seems probable that at least twice as many species will eventually be found, and that most taxa will eventually be found in all páramo countries.
Lichens have wide geographical and altitudinal
ranges, as compared with seed plants. Consequently, most species
extend far beyond the páramos, and few páramo endemics are
expected. For an analysis of the geographical affinities of the páramo
lichen flora see Sipman (1992b). Nevertheless, there are indications
for floristic differentiation within the páramo area. The
southern part, from southern Colombia southward, seems to have a markedly
different lichen flora, as could be observed in the genera Everniastrum
(Sipman, 1986a), Stereocaulon (Sipman, 1987), and Umbilicaria
(Sipman, 1992a). A restricted range in the southern part is fairly
well documented for, e.g., Cetrariastrum ecuadoriense, Stereocaulon
globuliferum, and S. novogranatense. A well documented
species apparently restricted to the northern part of the páramos
is Cladina halei (Ahti, 1986). Table II lists the ten largest
families and genera of páramo lichenized fungi.
A. LICHENIZED ASCOMYCETES
ACAROSPORACEAE
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
Polysporina Vezda
P. simplex (Davies) Vezda [syn.: Sarcogyne simplex (Davies)
Nyl.]; VE; 4250 m
ARTHOPYRENIACEAE
Ref.: Hawksworth, 1985.
Mycomicrothelia Keissl.
M. apposita (Nyl.) D.Hawksw.; CO; 3500 m
ARTHRORHAPHIDACEAE
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; Hertel, 1971; Sipman,
1989.
Arthrorhaphis Th.Fr.
A. alpina (Schaer.) R.Sant. [syn.: A. citrinella
var. alpina
(Schaer.) Poelt]; CR, CO, VE, EC; 3500-4300
m
A. citrinella (Ach.) Poelt; VE, EC; 2850-4500 m
ASTEROTHYRIACEAE
Asterothyrium Müll.Arg.
A. leptosporum Müll.Arg.; CO; 3200 m
[Note: leg. Sipman
& Aguirre 27486 (B)]
BACIDIACEAE
Bacidiopsora Kalb
Ref.: Kalb, 1988.
B. squamulosula (Nyl.) Kalb; EC; 1750-3200 m
Hypocenomyce M.Choisy
Ref.: Sipman, 1989.
H. scalaris (Ach.) M.Choisy; CO; 3750 m
Phyllopsora Müll.Arg.
Ref.: Brako, 1991; Kalb, 1988.
P. buettneri (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. var. glauca (de
Lesd.) Brako; VE; 1400-3500 m
P. confusa Swinscow & Krog; VE; 1600-3500 m
P. fendleri (Tuck. & Mont.) Müll.Arg.; VE;
2400-3600 m
P. parvifolia (Pers.) Müll.Arg. var. parvifolia;
EC; 3200 m
Tephromela M.Choisy
Ref.: Hertel, 1971; Nylander, 1863a,b.
T. aglaea (Sommerf.) Hertel & Rambold; VE; 4000-4700
m
T. atra (Huds.) Hafellner [syn.: Lecanora atra
(Huds.) Ach.]; CO, VE; 1400-3900 m
T. elixii Kalb; VE; 3500 m
BAEOMYCETACEAE
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Vries & Sipman, 1984.
Baeomyces Pers.
B. rufus (Huds.) Rebent.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 3350-4150
m
Phyllobaeis Gierl & Kalb
P. erythrella (Mont.) Kalb [syn.: Baeomyces imbricatus
Hook. var. erythrellus (Mont.)
de Vries]; VE, EC; 1800-3452 m
P. imbricata (Hook.) Kalb & Gierl (syn.: Baeomyces
imbricatus Hook.); CO, VE, EC;
1200-4400 m
P. linearis (de Vries) V.Marcano & Sipman; VE;
2400-3400 m
CALICIACEAE
Ref.: Sipman, 1989; Tibell, 1996.
Calicium Pers.
C. glaucellum Ach.; CO; 1750-3750 m
C. salicinum Pers.; CO; 3500-3750 m
C. subquercinum Asahina; CO; 3500 m
CANDELARIACEAE
Candelaria A.Massal.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986.
C. fruticans Poelt & Oberwinkler; CO, VE; 1100-3500
m
Candelariella Müll.Arg.
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll.Arg.; VE; 3900 m
CATILLARIACEAE
Lopezaria Kalb & Hafellner [1]
Ref.: Sipman, 1989.
L. versicolor (Fée) Kalb & Hafellner [syn.: Catinaria
versicolor (Fée) Sipman]; CO,
VE; 300-3500 m
Sporastatia A.Massal. [Note: The systematic position
of this genus is unclear; it is placed
here provisionally.]
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
S. testudinea (Ach.) A.Massal.; VE; 4250 m
CHRYSOTHRICHACEAE
Ref.: Sipman, 1989.
Chrysothrix Mont.
C. chlorina (Ach.) Laundon [syn.: Lepraria chlorina (Ach.)
Ach.]; CO, VE; 3500-4175
m
CLADONIACEAE
Cladia Nyl.
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; Filson, 1981; López-Figueiras,
1986.
C. aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.; CO, VE, EC; 1300-4550 m
C. fuliginosa Filson; CO, EC; 3605-4040 m
[Note: This concerns probably an
undescribed species different from the Australasian C.
fuliginosa, under study by T. Ahti.]
Cladina (Nyl.) Nyl.
Ref.: Ahti, 1961, 1986; Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras,
1986; Sipman & Cleef, 1979.
C. arcuata (Ahti) Ahti & Follmann (syn.: Cladonia
arcuata Ahti); CO, VE, EC;
1900-3950 m
C. boliviana (Ahti) Ahti; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1150-4000
m
C. confusa (R.Sant.) Follmann & Ahti; CR, CO, VE,
EC; 1280-4000 m; includes fo.
bicolor (Müll.Arg.) Ahti and fo. confusa
C. halei Ahti; CO, VE; 2000-4100 m
C. rangiferina (L.) Nyl. ssp. abbayesii (Ahti) W.L.Culb.
[syn.: Cladonia rangiferina (L.)
F.H.Wigg. var. abbayesii Ahti]; CO, VE; 1500-4050
m
Cladonia Hill ex P.Browne
Ref.: Ahti & Stenroos, 1986; Arvidsson, 1991;
López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989;
Stenroos, 1989a; Vainio, 1894, 1899b.
C. aleuropoda Vain.; CO, EC; 3800-4250 m
C. andesita Vain.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2100-3900 m
C. bacillaris Nyl.; VE; 1400-3600 m
C. calycantha (Delise) Nyl.; CO, EC; 2750-3700 m [Note:
See Ahti & Marcelli (1995).]
C. carassensis Vain.; VE; 1800-3450 m
C. cartilaginea Müll.Arg.; VE; 1200-3450 m
C. chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng.; CO,
VE, EC; 2100-4350 m
C. chondrotypa Vain.; CO; 1900-3300 m [Note:
leg. Aguirre & Sipman 5858 (B)]
C. coccifera (L.) Willd.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2150-4350
m
C. corniculata Ahti & Kashiw.; CO, VE, EC; 2000-4350
m
C. corymbites Nyl.; VE; 3500 m
C. corymbosula Nyl.; CO, VE; 3750-4315 m
C. crispata (Ach.) Flot.; VE; 1700-3450 m
C. cryptochlorophaea Asahina; CO; 3100-3810 m
[Note: leg. Cleef 6792 (U)]
C. dactylota Tuck.; CO, VE, EC; 1000-3400 m
C. didyma (Fée) Vain.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 230-4050
m; includes var. vulcanica (Zoll. &
Moritzi) Vain, and var. didyma
C. dilleniana Flörke; VE, EC; ? m [Note:
VE collection leg. Sipman 11225 (U)]
C. furcata (Huds.) Schrad.; CO, VE, EC; 1800-4100
m
C. granulosa (Vain.) Ahti; VE; 1800-4000 m
C. grayi Merr. ex Sandst.; CO, VE; 2300-3620 m
[Note: leg. Aguirre & Sipman 5722
(B)]
C. humilis (With.) J.R.Laundon; EC; 3400 m
[Note: leg. Harris 17057 (NY)]
C. isabellina Vain.; CR, CO, VE; 2450-4330 m
C. leprocephala Ahti & S.Stenroos; CO, VE, EC;
3000-4250 m
C. lopezii S.Stenroos; CO, VE; 2400-3900 m
[Note: Cited as Cladonia miniata
G.Meyer in Ahti & Stenroos (1986: 230).]
C. macilenta Hoffm. (syn.: C. bacillaris Nyl.);
CO; 1200-3700 m
C. macrophyllodes Nyl.; EC
C. meridensis Ahti & S.Stenroos; CO, VE, EC;
2400-4475 m
C. merochlorophaea Asahina; CO, VE; 2400-3400 m;
includes var. merochlorophaea
in VE and var. novochlorophaea Sipman in CO
[Notes: leg. Cleef 9749b (U)]
C. mexicana Vain.; CR, VE, EC; 2000-3500 m
C. microscypha Ahti & S.Stenroos; CO, VE; 2300-3800
m
C. ochrochlora Flörke; CO, VE; 2000-3800 m
C. pleurota (Flörke) Schaer.; CO, VE; 2900-4000
m
C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. [syn.: C. pocillum (Ach.)
O.J.Rich.]; CO, VE, EC; 2300-4425
m
C. rappii A.Evans var. exilior (Abbayes) Ahti;
CO, VE; 1450-3800 m
C. squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.; CO, VE, EC; 1400-4510
m; includes var. subsquamosa
(Nyl. ex Leight.) Vain. and var. squamosa
C. subradiata (Vain.) Sandst.; CR, CO; 1900-4550
m
C. subsquamosa Kremp.; CO, VE, EC; 1000-4150 m
C. verruculosa (Vain.) Ahti; CO, VE, EC; 2200-4550
m
COCCOCARPIACEAE
Ref.: Arvidsson 1982; López-Figueiras, 1986.
Coccocarpia Pers.
C. erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog; CR, CO,
VE; 240-3750 m
C. palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D.J.Galloway; CR, CO,
VE; 200-3500 m
COLLEMATACEAE
Collema F.H.Wigg.
Ref.: Degelius, 1974; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1989.
C. glaucophthalmum Nyl.; CO, VE, EC; 1100-4000 m; includes
var. glaucophthalmum
and var. implicatum (Nyl.) Degel.
Leptogium (Ach.) Gray
Ref.: Jørgensen, 1997; López-Figueiras,
1986; Sipman, 1989.
L. aciculare P.M.Jørg.; VE; 3500 m
L. andinum P.M.Jørg.; CO, VE, EC; 2000-4050
m
L. austroamericanum (Malme) Dodge; VE; 3500 m
[Note: leg. Sipman 11330b (U)]
L. azureum (Sw.) Mont.; VE, EC; 1300-3500 m
L. burgessii (L.) Mont.; CR, CO, VE, 2000-4325 m
L. burnetiae Dodge; VE; 2400-3500 m
L. caperatum P.M.Jørg. & Wallace; CO, VE, EC;
2000-4000 m
L. chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl.; VE; 2400-3500 m
L. coralloideum (G.Mey. & Flot.) Vain.; CR, CO;
1750-3975 m
L. cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb.; CR, VE; 500-3500
m [Note: VE voucher leg. Sipman
11330c (U)]
L. denticulatum Nyl.; VE; 1400-3500 m
L. diaphanum (Sw.) Mont. (syn.: L. punctulatum Nyl.);
VE; 1400-3400 m
L. digitatum (A.Mass.) Zahlbr.; CO, VE; 1500-3975
m
L. floridanum Sierk; VE; 3750 m
L. hibernicum M.E.Mitch.; VE; 2400-3450 m
L. inversum P.M.Jørg. & Wallace; CO;
4070 m
L. isidiosellum (Riddle) Sierk; VE; 600-3300 m
L. juressianum Tav.; CR, CO; 3300 m [Note:
CO voucher leg. Aguirre & Sipman
5974b (B)]
L. laceroides de Lesd.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2000-3975
m
L. mandonii P.M.Jørg.; CR, CO, VE; 2400-4325
m
L. olivaceum (Hook.) Zahlbr. (syn.: L. foveolatum
Nyl.); CR, CO, VE, EC; 1250-3750
m
L. papillosum (de Lesd.) Dodge; CO, VE; 2500-3500
m
L. phyllocarpum (Pers.) Nyl.; CO, VE, EC; 1100-4600 m
[Note: See Müller Argovensis
(1879: 163).]
L. resupinans Nyl.; CR, CO, VE; 3000-4285 m
L. stipitatum Vain.; VE; 1400-3300 m
CONIOCYBACEAE
Ref.: Sipman, 1989; Tibell, 1996.
Chaenotheca Zukal
C. brunneola (Ach.) Müll.Arg.; CO; 3500-3750
m
C. carthusiae (Harm.) Lettau; CO; 3500 m
C. chrysocephala (Turner ex Ach.) Th.Fr.; VE; 4000
m
C. gracillima (Vain.) Tibell; CO; 3500 m
C. hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.; CO; 3500 m
C. laevigata Nádv.; CO; 3750 m
C. trichialis (Ach.) Th.Fr.; CO; 3500 m
ECTOLECHIACEAE
Ref.: Santesson, 1952.
Tapellaria Müll.Arg.
T. epiphylla (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant.; CO; 1800-3200
m
T. nigrata (Müll.Arg.) R.Sant.; CO; 3200-3200
m [Note: leg. Aguirre & Sipman 5146
(B)]
FUSCIDEACEAE
Ref.: Kalb, 1988.
Maronea A.Massal.
M. constans (Nyl.) Hepp; EC; 3200 m
GYALECTACEAE
Ref.: Kalb, 1988.
Dimerella Trevis.
D. chiodectonoides Kalb; EC; 3200 m
GOMPHILLACEAE
Echinoplaca Fée
E. lucernifera Kalb & Vezda; CO; 3200 m
[Note: leg. Aguirre & Sipman 5146b (B)]
Gomphillus Nyl.
Ref.: Kalb, 1988.
G. ophiosporus Kalb & Vezda; EC; 3400 m
Gyalideopsis Vezda
Ref.: Kalb, 1990.
G. monospora Kalb & Vezda; VE; 3500 m
G. peruviana Merr. ex Vezda; CR, VE; 3500 m
HYMENELIACEAE
Megaspora (Clauzade & Cl.Roux) Hafellner & V.Wirth
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; Hertel, 1971; Sipman,
1989.
M. verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V.Wirth [syn.: Pachyospora
verrucosa (Ach.)
A.Massal.]; CO, VE, EC; 3830-4540 m
Tremolecia M.Choisy
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
T. atrata (Ach.) Hertel; VE; 3900-4730 m
ICMADOPHILACEAE
Dibaeis Clem.
Ref.: Gierl & Kalb, 1993; López-Figueiras,
1986; Vries & Sipman, 1984.
D. absolutus (Tuck.) Kalb & Gierl (syn.: Baeomyces
absolutus Tuck.); CO, VE;
1200-3750 m
D. columbina (Vain.) Kalb & Gierl; CR, CO, EC;
1200-3950 m
D. fungoides (Sw.) Kalb & Gierl [syn.: Baeomyces
fungoides (Sw.) Ach.]; CO, VE, EC;
1000-3950 m
Icmadophila Trevis.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989.
I. aversa (Nyl.) Rambold & Hertel (syn.: Glossodium
aversum Nyl.); CO, VE;
2750-4040 m
LECANORACEAE
Carbonea (Hertel) Hertel
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
C. vorticosa (Flörke) Hertel; VE; 3900-4150
m
Lecanora Ach.
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
L. caesiorubella Ach. ssp. glaucomodes (Nyl.) Imshang
& Brodo; CO; 3200 m [Note:
leg. Sipman & Aguirre 27460 (B)]
L. intricata (Schrader) Ach.; CO; 3200 m [Note:
leg. Sipman & Aguirre 27439 (B)]
L. polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh.; CO, VE; 3200-4750
m
Lecidella Körb.
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
L. carpathica Körb.; VE; 4150 m
L. elaeochroma (Ach.) M.Choisy; VE; 3500-4720 m
L. inamoena (Müll.Arg.) Hertel; VE; 4250 m
L. lacteola (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert; VE; 3500
m
L. stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert; VE; 4250
m
L. wulfenii (Hepp) Körb.; VE; 4150-4200 m
Rhizoplaca Zopf
R. melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Poelt; VE;
4000-4200 m
LECIDEACEAE
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
Lecidea Ach.
L. confluentula Müll.Arg.; VE; 4700 m
L. lapicida (Ach.) Ach.; VE; 3900-4150 m
L. limosa Ach.; VE; 4000-4700 m
L. secernens H.Magn.; VE; 4700 m
L. tesselata Flörke; VE; 3900-4150 m
LOBARIACEAE
Lobaria (Schreb.) Hoffm.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989;
Yoshimura 1984; Yoshimura & Arvidsson,
1994.
L. botryoides Yoshim. & Arv.; EC; 3350-3950
m
L. crenulata (Hook.) Trevis.; CR, PA, CO, EC; 1100-3700
m
L. exornata (Zahlbr.) Yoshim. var. corallophora Yoshim.;
CO, EC; 2000-3500 m
L. pallida (Hook.) Trevis.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1600-4000
m
L. subdissecta (Nyl.) Vain.; CR, CO; 1800-3500 m
L. subexornata Yoshim.; CR, CO, EC; 1100-3800 m
Pseudocyphellaria Vain.
Ref.: Galloway & Arvidsson, 1990; Sipman, 1989.
P. aurata (Ach.) Vain.; EC; 700-3500 m
P. bartlettii D.J.Galloway; EC; 3350-3600 m
P. crocata (L.) Vain.; CO, EC; 1500-3750 m
P. encoensis R.Sant.; EC; 3500 m
P. intricata (Delise) Vain.; EC; 3400 m
Sticta (Schreb.) Ach.
Ref.: Gyelnik, 1938; Kalb, 1988; López-Figueiras,
1986; Nylander,1863a,b; Sipman,
1989.
S. ambavillaria (Bory) Ach.; VE; 3450 m
S. andensis (Nyl.) Trevis.; CO, VE; 1800-4400 m
S. cometia Ach.; EC; 4000 m
S. fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1600-4750
m
S. granatensis Nyl.; CO; 2125-3750 m
S. gyalocarpa (Nyl.) Trevis.; CR, CO, VE; 2300-4325
m
S. humboldtii Hook.; CO, VE; 2300-3975 m
S. limbata (Sm.) Ach.; CO; 3200 m [Note:
leg. Sipman & Aguirre 27463 (B)]
S. neolinita Gyeln.; CO; 3540-3800 m
S. neopulmonaria Gyeln.; CO; 3200 m
S. peruviana Ach.; CR, VE, EC; 3300-3350 m
S. tomentosa (Sw.) Ach.; CO, VE, EC; 1000-4330 m;
includes var. dilatata (Nyl.) Hue
and var. tomentosa
S. weigelii Ach.; CO, VE, EC; 1250-4800 m
MEGALOSPORACEAE
Megalospora Meyen
Ref.: Kalb, 1990; Sipman, 1986c, 1989.
M. admixta (Nyl.) Sipman; CO, EC; 2400-3975 m
M. foersteri Kalb; VE; 4200 m
M. tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman; CO, EC; 240-3750
m
PANNARIACEAE
Erioderma Fée
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986.
E. chilense Mont.; CR, VE; 2500-3500 m
E. sorediatum D.J.Galloway & P.M.Jørg.; CR,
CO, VE; 2450-3200 m [Note: CO
voucher leg. Sipman & Aguirre 27392 (B)]
E. verruculosum Vain.; CR, VE; 3300-3350 m
[Note: CR voucher leg. Sipman 20957
(Lichenotheca Latinoamericana 21) (B)]
E. wrightii Tuck.; VE; 3000-3500 m
Pannaria Delise ex Bory
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989.
P. conoplea (Ach.) Bory; CO; 3100-3500 m
P. rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory; CO, VE; 2500-4325 m
Parmeliella Müll.Arg.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989.
P. mariana (Fr.) P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway [syn.:
Pannaria
mariana (Fr.) Müll.Arg.];
CO; 2000-3900 m
P. nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll.Arg.; CR, CO, VE;
200-4075 m
Psoroma Michaux
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1989.
P. hypnorum (Vahl) Gray; CO, EC; 3700-4550.
P. paleaceum (Fr.) Nyl.; CO; 4150-4175 m
PARMELIACEAE
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1989.
Alectoria Ach.
Ref.: Marcano et al., 1994.
A. imshaugii Brodo & D.Hawksw. var. venezuelensis
V.Marcano & A.Morales; VE;
3500-3800 m
A. ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A.Massal.; CO, VE, EC; 3350-4510 m;
includes var. ochroleuca
and var. tropica V.Marcano & A.Morales
[Note: Marcano et al. (1994) suggested that
all neotropical material of Alectoria ochroleuca
belongs to var. tropica.]
Anzia Stizenb.
Ref.: Yoshimura, 1995.
A. dictyorhiza (Massee) Yoshim.; VE; 2750-3600 m
A. leucobates (Nyl.) Müll.Arg.; CO, VE; 2000-3600
m
A. lopezii Yoshim.; unspecified; 3000-3600 m
A. masonii Yoshim.; CO, VE; 2400-3750 m
A. parasitica (Fée) Zahlbr.; CO, VE; 2000-3500
m
Bulbothrix Hale
Ref.: Hale, 1976.
B. imshaugii (Hale) Hale; VE; 2600-3200 m
B. laevigatula (Nyl.) Hale; CO; 2700-3500 m
Canoparmelia Elix & Hale
C. texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale [syn.: Pseudoparmelia
texana (Tuck.) Hale]; VE;
800-3500 m
Cetraria Ach.
Ref.: Kärnefelt, 1979; Kärnefelt et al.,
1993; Sipman, 1992b.
C. arenaria Kärnefelt; CO; 2700-3815 m
C. islandica (L.) Ach.; CO; 3590-4475; includes
ssp. crispiformis (Räsänen) Kärnefelt
and ssp. islandica
C. muricata (Ach.) Eckf. [syn.: Coelocaulon muricatum
(Ach.) Laundon]; VE, EC;
3500 m
C. nigricans Nyl.; CO; 4320 m
Cetrariastrum Sipman
Ref.: Sipman, 1980.
C. andense Kärnefelt; VE, EC; 3300-4000 m
C. dubitans Sipman; CO, EC; 3300-4475 m
C. ecuadoriense (R.Sant.) Sipman; CO, EC; 4250-4325
m
Cetrariella Kärnefelt & A.Thell
Ref.: Kärnefelt et al., 1993.
C. delisei (Bory ex Schaer.) Kärnefelt & A.Thell [syn.:
Cetraria
delisei (Bory ex Schaer.)
Nyl.]; EC; ? m
Everniastrum Hale ex Sipman
Ref.: Kalb, 1988; Sipman, 1980, 1986a.
E. arvidssonii Sipman; EC; 3000-3200 m
E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale ex Sipman; CR, CO, VE, EC;
3000-4020 m
E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale ex Sipman; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2000-4150 m
E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale ex Sipman; CO, VE, EC;
2300-3600 m
E. fragile Sipman; CR, CO, VE, EC; 3000-4400 m
[Note: CR voucher leg. Sipman
(B).]
E. lipidiferum (Hale & M.Wirth) Hale ex Sipman; CO,
VE; 3000-3750 m
E. nigrociliatum (de Lesd.) Hale ex Sipman; VE;
3500 m
E. planum Sipman; CR, CO, EC; 3300-3350 m
E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale ex Sipman; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2400-4540 m
E. vexans (Zahlbr. ex W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.) Hale ex Sipman;
CR, CO, VE, EC;
1400-4050 m
Everniopsis Nyl.
E. trulla (Ach.) Nyl.; EC; 3500 m
Flavoparmelia Hale
F. ecuadoriensis Nash, Elix & J.Johnst.; CO, EC;
3200 m [Note: For EC voucher see
Arvidsson (1991).]
F. gerlachei (Zahlbr.) Hale [syn.: Pseudoparmelia gerlachei
(Zahlbr.) Hale]; CO, VE;
1800-3700 m
F. soredians (Nyl.) Hale [syn.: Pseudoparmelia soredians
(Nyl.) Hale]; VE; 2700-3800
m
Flavopunctelia Hale
F. flaventior (Stirt.) Hale; VE, EC; 2000-3400 m
Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl.
Ref.: Sipman & Aguirre, 1982.
H. bitteri (Lynge) Ahti; CO, VE, EC; 3100-4550 m
H. vittata (Ach.) Gas.; VE; 3500 m [Note:
leg. Sipman 11344 (B)]
Hypotrachyna (Vain.) Hale
Ref.: Aguirre, 1982; Hale, 1972, 1975.
H. andensis Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1600-4000 m
H. bogotensis (Vain.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2200-4000
m
H. brevirhiza (Kurok.) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 1400-4325
m
H. caraccensis (Taylor) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1400-4300
m
H. cendensis Hale & López-Fig.; VE; 2800-3400
m
H. chicitae (Hale) Hale; VE; 2700-4200 m
H. costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 1000-3750
m
H. croceopustulata (Kurok. & Hale) Hale; VE;
1400-3750 m
H. degelii (Hale) Hale; CO, VE; 1400-3500 m
H. densirhizinata (Kurok.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2400-3900 m
H. dentella (Hale & Kurok.) Hale; VE; 1600-3800
m
H. ducalis (Jatta) Hale; CR, CO, VE; 1600-3450 m
H. enderythraea (Zahlbr.) Hale; CO, VE; 1900-4000
m
H. endochlora (Leight.) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 1900-3400
m
H. ensifolia (Kurok.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2800-4100
m
H. erythrodes (Zahlbr.) Hale; CO, VE; 1400-3750
m
H. exsplendens (Hale) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 1400-4750
m
H. flavida (Zahlbr.) Hale; CO, VE; 1200-3750 m
H. gigas (Kurok.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2200-3900
m
H. gondylophora (Hale) Hale; VE; 1800-3600 m
H. imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale; CR, CO, VE; 1100-3730
m
H. immaculata (Kurok.) Hale; CO, VE; 1800-3780 m
H. laevigata (Sm.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1300-3935
m
H. lineariloba (Kurok.) Hale; VE; 2400-3500 m
H. livida (Taylor) Hale; VE; 2100-3450 m
H. lopezii Hale; CR, CO, VE; 2800-4050 m
H. microblasta (Vain.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1400-3975
m
H. monilifera (Kurok.) Hale; CO, VE; 2350-3600 m
H. neodissecta (Hale) Hale; VE; 1300-3300 m
H. neoflavida Hale; VE; 3200 m
H. obscurella (Vain.) Hale; CO, VE; 1900-3500 m
H. oostingii (Dey) Hale; VE; 3300-3500 m
H. osteoleuca (Nyl.) Hale; CO, VE, 1500-3500 m
H. paramensis W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.; VE; 2400-3750
m
H. partita Hale; CR, CO, VE; 2400-3750 m
H. physcioides (Nyl.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1900-4100 m
H. physodalica (Hale) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 2950-4050
m
H. primitiva Hale & López-Fig.; CO, VE;
3100-4000 m
H. producta Hale; CO, VE, EC; 1300-3500 m
H. prolongata (Kurok.) Hale; CR, CO, VE; 2300-3800
m
H. protenta Hale; VE; 1300-4000 m
H. protoboliviana (Hale) Hale; CR; 3300 m
H. pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale; VE; 1500-3750 m
H. pulvinata (Fée) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC;
1200-4300 m
H. reducens (Nyl.) Hale; CR, CO, VE; 2600-4175 m
H. revoluta (Flörke) Hale; CO; 1700-3400 m
[Note: leg. Aguirre & Sipman 5322 (B)]
H. rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 1500-4050
m
H. sinuosa (Sm.) Hale; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1200-4540
m
H. sublaevigata (Nyl.) Hale; CO, EC; 200-3800 m
H. subsaxatilis (de Lesd.) Hale; VE; 3100-4050 m
Melanelia Essl.
M. panniformis (Nyl.) Essl.; VE; 4200 m
Oropogon Th.Fr.
Ref.: Esslinger, 1989.
O. aliphaticus Essl.; PA, VE; 2500-3300 m
O. americanus Essl.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 3300-4100 m
O. atranorinus Essl.; CR, VE; 2000-3490 m
O. barbaticus Essl.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2880-4200 m
O. bicolor Essl.; CR, PA, CO, VE, EC; 2600-4300
m
O. byssaceus Essl.; VE; 4050 m
O. colibor Essl.; CR, PA, VE; 2400-4000 m
O. diffractaicus Essl.; CR, PA, VE; 1600-4000 m
O. fissuratus Essl.; CR, VE; 1600-3600 m
O. formosanus Asahina; PA, CO, VE, EC; 2100-4200
m
O. granulosus Essl.; VE, EC; 2500-3500 m
O. halei Essl.; CR, VE; 3000-3500 m
O. lopezii Essl.; VE; 2250-3300 m [Note:
leg. Sipman 11222 (B)]
O. lorobic Essl.; CR, PA, VE; 2450-3600 m
O. loxensis (Fée) Th.Fr. (sensu Essl.); CR, PA,
CO, VE, EC, PE; 2400-4200 m
O. macilentus Essl.; EC; 3450 m
O. maurus Essl.; VE; 3200-3600 m
O. parietinus Essl.; VE; 3500 m
O. pendulus Essl.; EC; 4300-4450 m
O. sperlingii Essl.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2400-4100 m
O. striatulus Essl.; VE; 2400-3500 m
Parmelina Hale
P. versiformis (Kremp.) Hale; VE; 2600-3450 m
Parmelinopsis Elix & Hale
P. cleefii (Sipman) V.Marcano & Sipman; CO, VE;
3450-4300 m
P. cryptochlora (Vain.) Elix & Hale [syn.: Parmelina
cryptochlora (Vain.) Hale]; VE;
1300-3400 m
P. swinscowii (Hale) Elix & Hale (syn.: Parmelina
swinscowii Hale); CO, VE, EC;
3200-4550 m
Parmotrema A.Massal.
Ref.: Aguirre, 1982; Hale, 1965.
P. arnoldii (DuRietz) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 1950-3935
m
P. bangii (Vain.) Hale; EC; ? m [Note:
leg. Harris (NY)]
P. chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti; EC; ? m
[Note: leg. Harris (NY)]
P. conferendum Hale; VE; 1200-3300 m
P. crinitum (Ach.) M.Choisy; CO, VE, EC; 1400-3600
m
P. eborinum (Hale) Hale; VE; 200-3450 m
P. ecrinitum Hale; VE; 2200-3450 m
P. fasciculatum (Vain.) Hale (syn.: Parmelia fasciculata
Vain.); CO, VE; 3300-3780 m
P. fractum (Hale) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 2300-3950 m
P. mellissii (Dodge) Hale; VE; 1225-3450 m
P. rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale; VE; 1200-3300 m
P. robustum (Degel.) Hale (syn.: Parmotrema dilatatum
auct.); CO, VE; 1500-3800 m P. virescens Hale; VE;
1400-3500 m
Protoparmelia M.Choisy
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
P. badia (Pers.) Hafellner; VE; 3900-4740 m
P. picea (Dicks.) Nyl.; CO; 3200 m [Note:
leg. Sipman & Aguirre 27440 (B)]
Psiloparmelia Hale
P. distincta (Nyl.) Hale [syn.: Xanthoparmelia distincta
(Nyl.) Hale]; EC; 4100 m
Punctelia Krog
P. rudecta (Ach.) Krog; VE, EC; 1200-3200 m
P. stictica (Duby) Nyl.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2400-4080
m
P. subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog; VE; 900-3400 m
Rimelia Hale & A.Fletcher
R. cetrata (Ach.) Hale & A.Fletcher [syn.: Parmotrema
cetratum (Ach.) Hale]; CO, VE;
400-4200 m
R. reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A.Fletcher [syn.: Parmotrema
reticulatum (Taylor) Hale];
CO, VE, EC; 1000-3650 m
Tuckneraria Randlane & A.Thell
Ref.: Kalb, 1990.
T. laureri (Kremp.) Randlane & A.Thell (syn.: Cetraria
laureri Kremp.); CO, VE;
3500-4200 m
Usnea Dill. ex Adans.
Ref.: Kalb, 1988; Lindau, 1912; Motyka, 1936-38;
Vainio, 1899a; Walker, 1985.
U. acanthella (Lamb) F.J.Walker; VE, EC; 3450-4500
m
U. angulata Ach.; CO; 2000-3500 m
U. bogotensis Vain.; CO, VE, EC; 2200-3950 m
U. durietzii Motyka; PA, CO, VE, EC; 2800-4750 m
U. jelskii Motyka; CO; 3500-4000 m
U. moreliana Motyka; CO; 2740-3800 m
U. sphacelata R.Br.; CO, VE, EC; 4000-4900 m
U. spinulifera (Vain.) Motyka; CO; 3600-4250 m
Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale
Ref.: Nash et al., 1995.
X. arvidssonii Nash & Elix; EC; 3200-3900 m
X. conspersa (Ach.) Hale; VE; 3500 m
X. cotopaxiensis Nash, Elix & J.Johnst.; EC;
3400 m
X. cumberlandia (Gyeln.) Hale; VE; 2800-4400 m
X. lopezii Nash & Elix; VE; 4100 m
X. microspora (Müll.Arg.) Hale; VE, EC; 2100-4200
m
X. mougeotii (Schaer.) Hale; CO, VE, EC; 2900-4200
m
X. neowyomingica Hale; EC; 2600-3900 m
X. sipmanii Nash & Elix; VE; 4100 m
X. somloensis (Gyeln.) Hale; VE; 3800 m
X. standaertii (Gyeln.) Hale; VE; 3700 m
X. subsorediata Hale; VE, EC; 3000-4200 m
X. subulcerosa Nash & Elix; EC; 2300-3840 m
X. succedans Elix & J.Johnst.; EC; 4200 m
X. tasmanica (Hook.f. & Taylor) Hale; VE; 3200
m
X. ulcerosa (Zahlbr.) Hale; VE; 2100-3700 m
X. vagans (Nyl.) Hale; EC; 3200 m
X. wildeae (Dodge) Hale; EC; 1680-3300 m
PELTIGERACEAE
Nephroma Ach.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989,
1990.
N. helveticum Ach.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2700-3900 m
Peltigera Willd.
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1989; Vitikainen, 1994.
P. austroamericana Zahlbr.; CO, VE, EC; 1550-4000
m
P. canina (L.) Willd.; VE; 2400-3800 m
P. didactyla (With.) J.R.Laundon [syn.: P. spuria
(Ach.) DC.]; CO; 1900-4680 m
P. dolichorhiza (Nyl.) Nyl.; CO; 1000-3750 m
P. laciniata (Merril ex Riddle) Gyeln.; CO, VE, EC;
1500-4200 m
P. pulverulenta (Taylor) Nyl.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2300-4400
m
P. rufescens (Weiss) Humb.; VE; 1750-4050 m
P. soredians Vitik.; CO; 3200-3750 m
P. ulcerata Müll.Arg.; CO, VE; 1700-4150 m
P. vainioi Gyeln.; CO, VE; 2000-3300 m
Solorina Ach.
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991.
S. saccata (L.) Ach.; EC; ? m
S. spongiosa (Sm.) Anzi; CO; 3675 m [Note:
leg. Cleef 5432 (B)]
PERTUSARIACEAE
Ref.: Sipman, 1986b, 1989.
Pertusaria DC.
P. acroscyphoides Sipman; CO; 3830-4450 m
P. culbersonii Vezda; CO, VE; 3500-4450 m
PHLYCTIDACEAE
Phlyctis Wallr.
Ref.: Sipman, 1989.
P. endecamera (Nyl.) Nyl. [syn.: Phlyctella endecamera
(Nyl.) Nyl.]; CO; 2400-3500
m
PHYSCIACEAE
Buellia De Not.
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
B. nivalis (Bagl. & Carestia) Hertel ex Hafellner [syn.:
Polyschistes
nivalis (Bagl. &
Carestia) Keissl.]; VE; 4250 m
Dirinaria (Tuck.) Clem.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986.
D. applanata (Fée) Awas.; VE; 30-2200(-3452)
m
Hafellia Kalb, H.Mayrhofer & Scheid.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986.
H. dissa (Stirt.) H.Mayrhofer & Sheard [syn.: Buellia
callispora (Knight) Stein]; VE;
3300 m
Heterodermia Trevis.
Ref.: Aptroot, 1989; López-Figueiras, 1986.
H. albicans (Pers.) Swinscow & Krog; EC; ? m
[Note: leg. Sipman 7777 (B)]
H. antillarum (Vain.) Swinscow & Krog; VE; 1400-3400
m
H. casarettiana (A.Mass.) Trevis.; CR, CO, VE; 1000-3750
m
H. circinalis (Zahlbr.) W.A.Weber; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2300-3800 m
H. corallophora (Tayl.) Skorepa; VE; 600-3300 m
H. galactophylla (Tuck.) Trevis.; CO; 2120-3730
m
H. hypoleuca (Mühl.) Trevis.; CO; 2200-3200
m
H. isidiophora (Vain.) Awas.; VE, EC; 1200-3450
m
H. japonica (Sato) Swinscow & Krog; VE; 900-3500
m
H. leucomelos (L.) Poelt [syn.: H. boryi (Fée)
Kr.P.Singh & S.R.Singh]; CO, VE, EC;
400-3700 m
H. lutescens (Kurok.) Follmann & Redon; CR, CO;
1600-3750 m
H. magellanica (Zahlbr.) Swinscow & Krog; VE, EC;
1300-3750 m
H. obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis.; VE; 700-3900 m
H. podocarpa (Bél.) Awas.; VE; 1300-3500
m
H. speciosa (Wulf.) Trevis.; CO, VE; 300-3730 m
H. vulgaris (Vain.) Follmann & Redon; EC; ?
m [Note: leg. Harris (NY)]
H. verrucifera (Kurok.) W.A.Weber; VE; 1100-3450
m
Hyperphyscia Müll.Arg.
H. adglutinata (Flörke) Mayrhofer & Poelt; EC;
? m [Note: leg. Sipman 7785 (B)]
Phaeophyscia Moberg
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986.
P. endococcinodes (Poelt) Essl.; VE; 2000-4050 m
P. hispidula (Ach.) Moberg; VE, EC; 1750-3450 m
Physcia (Schreb.) Michaux
Ref.: Moberg, 1990.
P. cinerea Moberg; VE, EC; 2200-3600 m
P. lopezii Moberg; VE; 2200-3600 m
P. poncinsii Hue; VE; 200-3600 m
Pyxine Fr.
P. limbulata Müll.Arg.; VE; 3800-4200 m
PILOCARPACEAE
Byssoloma Trevis.
B. subdiscordans (Nyl.) P.James; CO; 300-3200 m
[Note: leg. Aguirre & Sipman
5145 (B)]
PORPIDIACEAE
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
Porpidia Körb.
P. crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph; VE; 3500
m
PSORACEAE
Ref.: Hertel, 1971; Kalb, 1988.
Psora Hoffm.
P. icterica (Mont.) Müll.Arg.; VE, EC; 4100-4500
m
RAMALINACEAE
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Kalb, 1988;
Marcano & Morales, 1993.
Ramalina Ach.
R. asahinae W.Culb. & C.Culb.; VE; 600-3500
m
R. camptospora Nyl.; VE; 3200-3600 m
R. celastri (Spreng.) Krog & Swinscow; VE; 1200-3500
m
R. cochlearis Zahlbr.; VE; 1700-3800 m
R. complanata (Sw.) Ach.; VE; 1100-3500 m
R. cumanensis Fée; VE, EC; 2100-3550 m
R. dictyota Dodge & Vareschi; VE, EC; 2600-3500
m
R. puiggarii Müll.Arg.; VE; 3100-3500 m
R. pusiola Müll.Arg.; VE; 900-3500 m
R. rectangularis Nyl.; VE; 1100-3350 m
R. tenuissima V.Marcano & A.Morales; VE; 2200-3400
m
R. usnea (L.) R.H.Howe; VE; 1100-3500 m
RHIZOCARPACEAE
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC.
R. leptolepis Anzi; VE; 3500 m
R. superficiale (Schaer.) Vain.; VE; 4250 m
SOLORINELLACEAE
Ref.: Vezda & Poelt, 1991.
Gyalidea Lettau
G. costaricensis Vezda & Hafellner; CO; 3300-3390
m
G. hyalinescens (Nyl.) Vezda var. hyalinescens;
EC; 2000-3550 m
SPHAEROPHORACEAE
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1990.
Bunodophoron A.Massal.
B. melanocarpum (Sw.) Wedin [syn.: Sphaerophorus melanocarpus
(Sw.) DC.]; CO,
VE, EC; 1800-4750 m
STEREOCAULACEAE
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; Boekhout, 1982; López-Figueiras,
1986; Sipman, 1986b, 1989.
Stereocaulon Hoffm.
S. atlanticum (Lamb) Lamb; CR, CO, VE; 2700-4500
m
S. claviceps Th.Fr.; CO; 3750-4300 m
S. crambidiocephalum Lamb; CR, CO, VE, EC; 3100-4340
m
S. delisei Bory ex Duby; CR, CO; 3350-4340 m
S. didymicum Lamb; VE; 2000-3400 m [Note:
leg. Sipman 11212 (U)]
S. glareosum (Savicz) H.Magn.; CO, EC; 4000-4530
m
S. globisorum Sipman; CO, EC; 3750-4340 m
S. meyeri Stein; CO, VE, EC; 2450-4300 m
S. microcarpum Müll.Arg.; VE, EC; 1400-4050
m
S. novogranatense Lamb; CO, EC; 1700-3750 m
S. obesum Th.Fr.; CO, VE, EC; 2450-4160 m
S. pachycephalum Vain.; CO; 2500-4200 m
S. pityrizans Nyl.; CO, VE, EC; 2300-3500 m
S. pomiferum P.A.Duvign.; CO, VE, EC; 1500-3750
m
S. ramulosum Raeusch.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1800-4500
m
S. strictum Th.Fr.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 1700-3900(-4500)
m; includes var. compressum
(Nyl.) Lamb ex Vezda. and var. strictum
S. tomentosum Th.Fr. [syn.: S. myriocarpum Th.Fr.];
CR, CO, VE, EC; 2300-4400 m
S. verruciferum Nyl. var. surreptans (Lamb) Lamb;
EC; 3400-4500 m
S. vesuvianum Pers.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2100-4750 m
TELOSCHISTACEAE
Caloplaca Th.Fr.
C. brebissonii (Fée) R.Sant. ex Hafellner & Poelt;
CO, EC; 2100-3400 m [Note: CO
voucher leg. Aguirre & Sipman 5818 (B)]
C. calicioides P.M.Jørg.; VE; 3500 m
Teloschistes Norman
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986.
T. chrysophthalmus (L.) Th.Fr.; VE, EC; 2900-3450
m
T. exilis (Michx.) Vain.; EC; ? m [Note:
leg. Harris (NY)]
T. flavicans (Sw.) Norman; VE, EC; 700-3500 m
T. hypoglaucus (Nyl.) Zahlbr.; EC; ? m [Note:
leg. Sipman 7792 (B)]
Xanthoria (Fr.) Th.Fr.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986.
X. elegans (Link) Th.Fr.; VE; 3900-4250 m
THELOTREMATACEAE
Diploschistes Norman
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1989.
D. cinereocaesius (Sw. ex Ach.) Vain.; CR, CO, VE, EC;
2400-4450 m
D. diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch; CR; 3400 m [Note:
leg. Sipman & Chaverri 20705 (B)]
D. gypsaceus (Ach.) Zahlbr.; VE; 3450-3500 m
D. muscorum (Scop.) R.Sant. ssp. bartlettii Lumbsch;
CO; 1900-4300 m
Thelotrema Ach.
Ref.: Sipman, 1989.
T. lepadinum (Ach.) Ach.; CO; 2700-3730 m
TRAPELIACEAE
Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds.
Ref.: Kalb, 1988; López-Figueiras, 1986.
P. gelida (L.) Lindsay; CO, VE, EC; 2100-3700 m
P. parellina (Nyl.) Lamb; EC; 3400 m
Placynthiella Elenkin
Ref.: Sipman, 1989.
P. icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P.James [syn.: Saccomorpha
icmalea (Ach.) Clauzade &
Cl.Roux]; CO; 4350 m
Trapelia M.Choisy
Ref.: Hertel, 1971.
T. coarctata (Turn.) M.Choisy; VE, EC; 1600-3900
m
T. mooreana (Caroll) P.James [syn.: Trapelia torellii
(Anzi) Hertel]; CO, VE;
2000-3500 m
T. obtegens (Th.Fr.) Hertel; VE; 3500 m
Trapeliopsis Hertel & Gotth.Schneid.
Ref.: Hertel, 1971, 1973; Sipman, 1989.
T. subconcolor (Anzi) Hertel; CO, VE; 3500-4000
m
T. glaucolepida (Nyl.) Gotth.Schneid.; CR, CO; 3130-4400
m
UMBILICARIACEAE
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Marcano, 1994;
Sipman, 1989, 1992a.
Umbilicaria Hoffm.
U. africana (Jatta) Krog & Swinscow; CO, VE, EC;
3000-4750 m
U. calvescens Nyl.; VE, EC; 3000-4100 m
U. haplocarpa Nyl.; EC; ? m [Note: herb.
Aptroot]
U. leprosa (Zahlbr.) Frey; CR, CO, EC; 3200-4540
m
U. mifafensis V.Marcano & A.Morales; VE; 4115
m
U. nylanderiana (Zahlbr.) H.Magn.; VE, CO, EC; 3800-4750
m
U. polyphylla (L.) Baumg.; CO, VE; 3200-4330 m
U. polyrrhiza Ach.; CO, VE; 2700-3850 m
U. subcalvescens Sipman; CO, VE; 2450-4350 m
VERRUCARIACEAE
Catapyrenium Flot.
Ref.: Breuss, 1993.
C. exaratum Breuss; EC; 4500 m
C. lachneoides Breuss; EC; 3300-4500 m
C. squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss var. squamulosum;
EC; 3900-4500 m
Normandina Nyl.
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989.
N. pulchella (Borr.) Nyl.; CO, VE, EC; 1750-3975
m
INCERTAE SEDIS
Cystocoleus Thwaites
Ref.: Sipman, 1990.
C. ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites; CO, VE; 3000-4500
m
Lepraria Ach.
Ref.: Sipman, 1989.
L. caesioatra (de Lesd.) J.R.Laundon (syn.: L. neglecta
Auct.); CO; 4300-4500 m
Leprocaulon Lamy
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; Lamb & Ward, 1974;
López-Figueiras, 1986; Marcano et al.,
1997; Sipman, 1989.
L. albicans (Th.Fr.) Nyl. ex Hue; CO, EC; 2800-4475
m
L. congestum (Nyl.) Lamb & A.Ward; CO, VE, EC;
2800-4400 m
L. gracilescens (Nyl.) Lamb & A.Ward; VE, EC;
3500-4450 m
L. microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D.Hawksw.; VE;
3500-3600 m
Leproloma Crombie
Ref.: Leuckert & Kümmerling, 1991.
L. vouauxii (Hue) Laundon; CO, EC; 4300 m
Racodium Pers.
R. rupestre Pers.; VE; 3000-4500 m
Siphula Fr.
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1984.
S. ceratites (Wahlenberg) Fr.; CO; 3100 m
[Note: leg. Aguirre & Sipman 5857 (B)]
S. fastigiata (Nyl.) Nyl.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 3100-4560
m
S. pteruloides Nyl.; CR, CO, VE, EC; 2400-4560 m
Thamnolia Ach. ex Schaerer
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; López-Figueiras, 1986;
Sipman, 1989.
T. vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. emend. Asahina; CR, CO,
VE, EC; 2800-4550 m
B. LICHENIZED BASIDIOMYCETES
MERULIACEAE
Dictyonema Agardh ex Kunth
Ref.: López-Figueiras, 1986; Sipman, 1989.
D. glabratum (Spreng.) D.Hawksw. [syn.: Cora pavonia
(Sw.) Fr.]; CO, VE, EC;
240-4550 m
D. sericeum (Sw.) Berkh.; VE; 1900-3300 m
TRICHOLOMATACEAE
Omphalina Quél.
Ref.: Arvidsson, 1991; Jørgensen, 1989.
O. ericetorum (Pers. ex Fr.) M.Lange; VE; 3500 m
O. foliacea P.M.Jørg.; CO, VE, EC; 3555-4250
m
Phytoconis Bory
Ref.: Redhead & Kuyper, 1987.
P. aurantiaca (Redhead & Kuyper) Redhead & Kuyper (syn.:
Botrydina
aurantiaca
Redhead & Kuyper); CO; 3000-4000 m
P. lobata (Redhead & Kuyper) Redhead & Kuyper (syn.:
Botrydina
lobata Redhead &
Kuyper); CO; 3000-4000 m
Acknowledgements
The kind cooperation of R. C. Harris (NY) and A. Aptroot (Baarn), who provided unpublished information of their Ecuadorean collections, is gratefully acknowledged.
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